Something that is often missing in discussions about queues is a discussion about consistency across queues. This really confuses me and makes me wonder if I'm

Something that is often missing in discussions about queues is a discussion about consistency across queues. This really confuses me and makes me wonder if I'm missing something that everybody else understands. Let's say I'm building a payment system that needs to report settled cash flows to a separate accounting system. In other words, when Alice clicks "Approve" on a payment that Bob has created, the payment system -- in a single database transaction -- records two accounting entries, updates account balances, finalises the payment status, creates audit entries, and must now send the details of the transaction to the company's accounting system (and presumably an external payment network, which is much the same problem, with just more components to fail along the way). If you just put that message onto a brokered queue that feeds the accounting system, there is a risk, however small, that the queue loses the message. In some systems, losing a message may not be an issue; in our particular system, losing an accounting transaction is a serious problem so we must deal with the possibility. I've seen 3 patterns for dealing with this in practice (I'd be very interested if there are others, I can think of a 4th but have not seen it used): 1. a reconciliation process is put in place between the two systems, whereby the payment system delivers a reconciliation file (e.g. daily) and a matching system pairs transactions with a reconciliation file produced by the accounting system; mismatches ("breaks") lead to further investigation 2. the receiver sends an ACK back to the sender; if the sender does not receive an ACK back timeously it may elect to resend, or send an alert to operators, who investigate further 3. distributed transactions: I'm not going to discuss these because they reduce to a single system in analysis of a simple system, and a nightmare in a complex system (Also you can implement #1 and #2 simultaneously to cover each other; often the #1 process conceptually does more work since it ensures double-entry accounting principles are followed in e.g. financial systems) #1 is nice and simple, but the downside is it happens as a batch process typically at end of day; in a payments system this can be a serious problem because e.g. in an inter-bank transfer application it impairs effective cash management on nostro accounts at other banks by attracting finance charges on negative balances overnight. You can speed it up by reducing the batch size and increasing the frequency, and when you go far enough you end up with #2. #2 requires the sender to maintain state about what was put onto the queue and whether it was acknowledged or not. The interesting thing about this is that this state is in effect a copy of the queue's state. Even better, the state here is consistent with the rest of the state in your database. You don't need any ACK protocol or recon so long as you access the database-backed queue transactionally. So: why introduce a 3rd component, a standalone (typically brokered) queue, between process 1 and 2, when you already have everything you need in the shared database? In my mind it only makes sense when there are sound reasons, e.g. for performance reasons, or there is no shared database because the applications belong to different business units, or to decouple applications that are in the same business unit but conceptually independent. Note that the principle idea in OP's article -- creating a time/processing barrier -- is support by database-backed queues. While the email delivery queue example in OP's post is a fair example of something you want to decouple from the rest of the application because it's a very generic service, what if you're extending your payment system to produce PDF receipts that are specialised to this system and incorporate data from the system database? This is a high-CPU requirement that you definitely don't need or want on your critical path but would you really deploy a queue component and a separate database to backup, or waste time decoupling schemas for such an intrinsically tightly coupled feature? What surprises me is how often on sites like HN and StackOverflow the default answer to somebody who wants to know how to offload computation is "use a [brokered] queue". I emphasize "brokered" because the database is very good at implementing queues, but I rarely see a discussion about the reliability of brokered queues and the implications for consistency vs. just using a database-backed queue in your application DB -- often you can't just put things on a queue without making the rest of your application aware of this fact, yet the solution is frequently presented without this caveat, or even an acknowledgement of the alternative. What am I missing?