Yes, the slow bits are often part of complex validation, directly proportional to the number of function calls. Sometimes in arbitrary computation, but that is

Yes, the slow bits are often part of complex validation, directly proportional to the number of function calls. Sometimes in arbitrary computation, but that is not so common. I could've manually inlined lots of functions to avoid the overhead on CPython, but I'd have a horrible code base. On PyPy I can simply not care about this aspect, just like in most other languages.