Yes yes, you are definitely onto something here. Awfully, the standard deviations of almost every item in their validation study [1, Table 1] is greater than t

Yes yes, you are definitely onto something here. Awfully, the standard deviations of almost every item in their validation study [1, Table 1] is greater than the means --in some cases even twice as big--, which themselves are very low (the majority are below 2, and several are below 1). This is, at a minimum, strongly indicative of bimodality --which would make sense since, among other things, participants were drawn mostly from Bonn University's lucid dreaming student club [p.11]. As a matter of fact, they report they threw away two data sets (!) precisely because of "extreme answering style (all items were scored as 0 or 5)" [ibid]. Why they didn't heed these warning signs (and at the very least use medians instead of means from then on) is beyond me. [1] http://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb05philosophie/files/2013/04/Voss-et-al-2013_Measuring-Consciousness-in-Dreams.pdf http://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb05philosophie/files/2013/04/...