3 ms·

As for security goals: are they not the ones I stated in my post? No, ciphertext integrity is not among them, and yes, there are consequences to this. Yes, it's

by oggy 12y ago

As for security goals: are they not the ones I stated in my post? No, ciphertext integrity is not among them, and yes, there are consequences to this. Yes, it's a trade-off for efficiency. But I really don't see how all of that relates to the issue of missing security goals. What paper by Rogaway are you referencing there? I'm assuming it's not the original XEX paper, and I'm genuinely interested in reading it, this discussion aside. Anyway, I don't understand the "wide-to-narrow block adapter" part. Assuming that the standard group removes the two key "improvement", the only bit that I can see that remains to be proved, is the ciphertext stealing. I admittedly don't know whether proofs for the whole construction exist. A quick search revealed Liskov's review of the XTS draft which gives a sketch, but not the whole proof. I'm confident about my Evil Maid statement. The essence of (what's commonly referred to as) Evil Maid really is the fact that you cannot trust your own computer. The multiple visits make the attack significantly easier, but are not necessary - you just need a more advanced malware. As for repeated tampering, I'm still having a hard time imagining a realistic attack. I just don't see how the attacker can get any predictable amount of control of the FDE's inputs, but like I said, people can come up with smart things. The "system drive" in my post was referring to things like weakening the system security by overwriting configuration files with garbage and the like, which are theoretically possible although I don't really see them being practical. Yes of course you can get better security guarantees if you change the constraints. You're probably correct that it should be feasible to offer a 512 byte sector view to the OS on the one side, and use whatever size on the physical side, if your physical side isn't really physical. P.S. I didn't really think much of the the scare-quotes retort, seemed like a bit of a cheap jab. If you however have a better idea (or pointers for that matter) about how to refer to a specific part of a blog post I disagree with, I'd be interested to hear.

tptacek 12y ago
It's not the XEX paper; it's "Evaluation of Some Block Cipher Modes". Highly recommended. Efficiency in the sense of "comparing block cipher modes" is not the reason XTS loses integrity and resistance to chosen-ciphertext attacks. Format constraints are the major reason. To wit: there's no good place to stick an auth tag, and for that matter, no good sense of what you'd be authenticating, because you're dealing with fragments of files, not actual files. Integrity does factor into the security model of XTS. Rogaway points this out when he explains why NIST apparently rejected CBC (the chaining gives attackers a forward bit-flipping capability) and CTR (which was rejected because it's trivially malleable). NIST claimed that some notion of resisting ciphertext tampering was part of the goal, but, as he said, and Ferguson said, and I said repeatedly in this article, nobody really knows what that tamper-resistance is supposed to mean. Attackers can tamper with ciphertext in XTS, and they can probably do it in ways that will create backdoors in binaries! But lack of integrity checking isn't the only problem with XTS. Another problem is that XTS is for the most part the ECB mode application of XEX. You can't even get a strong definition of confidentiality from this construction, because an attacker observing block offsets into a given sector can collect useful information as those blocks are changed, changed again, changed back, and changed again. This is the attack Ferguson points out in his objection to NIST standardizing XTS, and it's also related to Rogaway's objection that NIST standardized a wide-block-narrow-block construction rather than something that behaved more like a tweakable native wide block construction. The native wide block construction would effectively randomize the whole sector, not 16-byte chunks of sectors. That would also lessen the harm from XTS's malleability, but here we're more concerned with the granularity of the data we leak by encrypting deterministically. If you want to call the attack I'm talking about something other than "Evil Maid", that's fine by me. I'd also accept "Mary Poppins is a governess and not a maid" as a valid objection. The point is that virtual disks stored on Dropbox are exposed to far more interesting attacks than physical disk media is, because with physical media, attackers don't get an unbounded number of use-tamper-use cycles.
- oggy 12y ago
  Thanks for the paper reference. I believe I do understand the constraints under which XTS operates on, and I agree with almost everything you said in the last comment. The only thing I don't agree with is that nobody knows what tamper resistance is supposed to mean - it's non-malleability on the level of a cipher block. Yes this is clearly worse than a sector-level non-malleability, but is also clearly /much/, /much/ better than CBC-style bit-level malleability. But I'll have a look at Rogaway's paper, maybe there's something I'm missing. I'm still having a hard time conjuring anything resembling a practical attack coming from this. To plant backdoors, you'd have to know the exact location of a binary (feasible and done before, if with pretty strong assumptions), then get the user to change those exact same sectors to something that would be useful to you, and then copy-paste the ciphertext. I just don't see that happening in a real world scenario. Otherwise, taking advantage of the weaker confidentiality notion (deterministic CPA)... still seems quite far fetched, but I accept that I could be proven wrong. At any rate, I still maintain that this has nothing to do with Evil Maid attacks. Use a CCA2 secure cipher and encrypt the whole disk at once if you want, the Maid still wins.
  - tptacek 12y ago
    You only need to know where on the disk the binary is. Once you know that, you attack the binary directly, by randomizing a 16-byte chunk of it. The effectiveness of that attack depends on a lot of factors, but remember that X64 binaries aren't the only thing that XTS needs to protect. For that matter, you can trigger vulnerabilities in the kernel or even application code, by surreptitiously randomizing offsets into metadata that they depend on. What's clear to a cryptographer is that no scheme that provides serious non-malleability should have this property, but XTS does. What's maddening, in a theoretical sense, is that you can't really put this into formal terms, because --- as I've been saying --- nobody has provided a clear definition of what security guarantees XTS is supposed to provide. No amount of use-tamper-use breaks a cipher that resists CCA2 attacks, because every attempt to tamper produces a hard failure. That's what CCA2-resistance means: attackers don't get to adaptively choose ciphertext (or really, choose any ciphertext at all). In practice, cryptosystems resist these attacks by authenticating ciphertext. For what it's worth, the article we're commenting on is clear that CBC is inferior to XTS for disk encryption. I take no responsibility for readers who read random selections of the article and come to their own conclusions, although if you look elsewhere on this thread that has clearly happened at least once.

by oggy 12y ago

tptacek 12y ago

It's not the XEX paper; it's "Evaluation of Some Block Cipher Modes". Highly recommended. Efficiency in the sense of "comparing block cipher modes" is not the reason XTS loses integrity and resistance to chosen-ciphertext attacks. Format constraints are the major reason. To wit: there's no good place to stick an auth tag, and for that matter, no good sense of what you'd be authenticating, because you're dealing with fragments of files, not actual files. Integrity does factor into the security model of XTS. Rogaway points this out when he explains why NIST apparently rejected CBC (the chaining gives attackers a forward bit-flipping capability) and CTR (which was rejected because it's trivially malleable). NIST claimed that some notion of resisting ciphertext tampering was part of the goal, but, as he said, and Ferguson said, and I said repeatedly in this article, nobody really knows what that tamper-resistance is supposed to mean. Attackers can tamper with ciphertext in XTS, and they can probably do it in ways that will create backdoors in binaries! But lack of integrity checking isn't the only problem with XTS. Another problem is that XTS is for the most part the ECB mode application of XEX. You can't even get a strong definition of confidentiality from this construction, because an attacker observing block offsets into a given sector can collect useful information as those blocks are changed, changed again, changed back, and changed again. This is the attack Ferguson points out in his objection to NIST standardizing XTS, and it's also related to Rogaway's objection that NIST standardized a wide-block-narrow-block construction rather than something that behaved more like a tweakable native wide block construction. The native wide block construction would effectively randomize the whole sector, not 16-byte chunks of sectors. That would also lessen the harm from XTS's malleability, but here we're more concerned with the granularity of the data we leak by encrypting deterministically. If you want to call the attack I'm talking about something other than "Evil Maid", that's fine by me. I'd also accept "Mary Poppins is a governess and not a maid" as a valid objection. The point is that virtual disks stored on Dropbox are exposed to far more interesting attacks than physical disk media is, because with physical media, attackers don't get an unbounded number of use-tamper-use cycles.

oggy 12y ago
Thanks for the paper reference. I believe I do understand the constraints under which XTS operates on, and I agree with almost everything you said in the last comment. The only thing I don't agree with is that nobody knows what tamper resistance is supposed to mean - it's non-malleability on the level of a cipher block. Yes this is clearly worse than a sector-level non-malleability, but is also clearly /much/, /much/ better than CBC-style bit-level malleability. But I'll have a look at Rogaway's paper, maybe there's something I'm missing. I'm still having a hard time conjuring anything resembling a practical attack coming from this. To plant backdoors, you'd have to know the exact location of a binary (feasible and done before, if with pretty strong assumptions), then get the user to change those exact same sectors to something that would be useful to you, and then copy-paste the ciphertext. I just don't see that happening in a real world scenario. Otherwise, taking advantage of the weaker confidentiality notion (deterministic CPA)... still seems quite far fetched, but I accept that I could be proven wrong. At any rate, I still maintain that this has nothing to do with Evil Maid attacks. Use a CCA2 secure cipher and encrypt the whole disk at once if you want, the Maid still wins.
- tptacek 12y ago
  You only need to know where on the disk the binary is. Once you know that, you attack the binary directly, by randomizing a 16-byte chunk of it. The effectiveness of that attack depends on a lot of factors, but remember that X64 binaries aren't the only thing that XTS needs to protect. For that matter, you can trigger vulnerabilities in the kernel or even application code, by surreptitiously randomizing offsets into metadata that they depend on. What's clear to a cryptographer is that no scheme that provides serious non-malleability should have this property, but XTS does. What's maddening, in a theoretical sense, is that you can't really put this into formal terms, because --- as I've been saying --- nobody has provided a clear definition of what security guarantees XTS is supposed to provide. No amount of use-tamper-use breaks a cipher that resists CCA2 attacks, because every attempt to tamper produces a hard failure. That's what CCA2-resistance means: attackers don't get to adaptively choose ciphertext (or really, choose any ciphertext at all). In practice, cryptosystems resist these attacks by authenticating ciphertext. For what it's worth, the article we're commenting on is clear that CBC is inferior to XTS for disk encryption. I take no responsibility for readers who read random selections of the article and come to their own conclusions, although if you look elsewhere on this thread that has clearly happened at least once.