Think of TUPAS like OAuth/FB Connect as envisioned by banks. Typically TUPAS uses a printed card of single-use passwords. Here in Germany you instead get an SM

Think of TUPAS like OAuth/FB Connect as envisioned by banks. Typically TUPAS uses a printed card of single-use passwords. Here in Germany you instead get an SMS with a single-use password every time you have to authenticate (for example, to pay a bill). As an alternative German banks also provide smart card reading OTP generators that interface with your bank card: https://www.sparkassen-shop.de/sfp/shop/tan-generatoren,375/ https://www.sparkassen-shop.de/sfp/shop/tan-generatoren,375/ In Finland universities also have the need for federated authentication, as students can take courses in different schools. Instead of TUPAS they standardized on Shibboleth and SAML.