I don't think I understand the point you're making in your first paragraph. For your meteorology example, if such information didn't have life or death consequ

I don't think I understand the point you're making in your first paragraph. For your meteorology example, if such information didn't have life or death consequences, I might call it fair. But the contexts of the two scenarios are different. The stock market is inherently a bet on future prices, and so using information obtained by yourself through your own efforts cannot be seen as unfair--it is an expected property of the system. Using HFT techniques to profit off of frontrunning your demand is unfair. The "market" for items needed for survival isn't analogous.