I'm not sure that "design" is necessary up-front. Most programmers aren't. And it's often a tug-of-war between designers and programmers to gain respect for th

I'm not sure that "design" is necessary up-front. Most programmers aren't. And it's often a tug-of-war between designers and programmers to gain respect for their roles: have a designer always come later in the process and you'll get more of a limited traditional visual designer; have one always come earlier in the process and hand down visual specs like they're stone tablets, now you've got old school art directors from the Mad Men era and programmers are treated like code monkeys (still mostly the case at ad agencies today, actually); have one on your team that can design upfront while doing usability testing to validate features, all on a tight schedule, now you're talking about today's interaction designers, but they don't come cheap and most startups have a hard time landing one.