Reference counting is very expensive time-wise and memory-wise if you have lots of small objects. Memory-wise because of the additional counting-field needed, a

Reference counting is very expensive time-wise and memory-wise if you have lots of small objects. Memory-wise because of the additional counting-field needed, and time-wise because of the counter update at every gain and loss of a reference. These updates can also easily become huge concurrency bottlenecks, since they introduce false write sharing. Another issue with reference counting is of course that cyclic structures are hard to handle. It is true that GC works best when you have sufficient amounts of free memory compared to the amount of garbage produced. On any kind of memory-constrained (embedded) device I would naturally view everything about memory allocations as critical issues to handle, with clear memory usage budgets.