But - costs from disease are not the only cost of being unhealthy! For instance, healthy sleep makes people perform better at problem solving tasks and avoid d

But - costs from disease are not the only cost of being unhealthy! For instance, healthy sleep makes people perform better at problem solving tasks and avoid depression. These effects are realized extremely quickly. Exercise has similar benefits. How fast people can solve problems? Do they pick fights with their colleagues? These things hit the employer's bottom line too, whether or not you measure them. You get what you measure. RAND needs to measure ROI better.