They can act as a net negative, but localized positives, and if it is positive for someone with capital to spend on it and they benefit from it, then they could

They can act as a net negative, but localized positives, and if it is positive for someone with capital to spend on it and they benefit from it, then they could care less usually about the negatives. So that is why you have tax consultants and an absurdly complex tax system - niche benefits profit, and invest to keep it that way (ie, lobby, ie bribe).