Note, however, that further north doesn't necessarily mean colder. For instance, looking at the climate data on Wikipedia indicates that Oslo and Toronto have a

Note, however, that further north doesn't necessarily mean colder. For instance, looking at the climate data on Wikipedia indicates that Oslo and Toronto have about the same average highs/lows in the winter months. Meanwhile, Winnipeg (Winterpeg) is a full 10 degrees latitude south of Oslo, but is much, much, colder. As as aside, though Europe's warmer climate is often attributed to the Gulf Stream, evidence suggests it's actually a consequence of angular momentum. See, for instance, https://www.americanscientist.org/issues/issue.aspx?id=999&y=0&no=&content=true&page=5&css=print https://www.americanscientist.org/issues/issue.aspx?id=999&y... and the paper in PDF form here: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/gs/pubs/Seager_etal_QJ_2002.pdf http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/gs/pubs/Seager_etal...