On methods, quoting from the paper: Alignment of the body (along the thoracic spine) in direction towards the head (heading) was measured in freely moving dogs

On methods, quoting from the paper: Alignment of the body (along the thoracic spine) in direction towards the head (heading) was measured in freely moving dogs (i.e., not on the leash) in “open field” (on meadows, fields, in the wood etc., i.e., unconstrained, and uninfluenced by linear structures, such as walls and fences) away from the road traffic, high voltage power lines, and conspicuous steel constructions during defecation and urination by a hand-held compass. So it was not as simple as directional preference in sidewalks or roads.