Thanks. Maybe one way forward would be more medium-sized companies instead of a few larger ones. (But as an outsider, maybe I'm mischaracterizing the situation

Thanks. Maybe one way forward would be more medium-sized companies instead of a few larger ones. (But as an outsider, maybe I'm mischaracterizing the situation.) As for expensive clinical trials---I bet nobody has tried crowdfunding them. Surely that would be illegal, but I think crowdfunding has the potential, today, to be what the joint stock company was at the dawn of global trade (e.g. the Virginia Company and the like).