The major difference, as I see it, is that Apple includes fonts that are good for publishing, and Microsoft includes fonts that are good for reading on a screen

The major difference, as I see it, is that Apple includes fonts that are good for publishing, and Microsoft includes fonts that are good for reading on a screen. For example, Consolas is designed for a screen with sub-pixel rendering. I think this difference is apparent in how fonts are rendered on OS X and Windows, i.e. Windows "snaps" fonts to pixel grids for readability.