Another counter-example is the automobile market. Can I take an engine from BMW and put into a Buick? Can I swap stereos? Can I mix and match body panels fro

Another counter-example is the automobile market. Can I take an engine from BMW and put into a Buick? Can I swap stereos? Can I mix and match body panels from Japanese and American cars? The answer is no. And the reason is that an automobile is more than the sum of its parts: to appeal to the target market, the entire experience of the car is customized and optimized. Inefficiencies from specialization are not as important as the conceptual integrity of the whole. Homes are another example: pre-fab has yet to catch on, because almost no two homes are alike. I think you see integrated approaches whenever the performance of a particular product is highly multi-dimensional, such that global optimization is very difficult.