The problem is in distinguishing Logic from biased Rhetoric. p → q is often an inappropriate conclusion based on correlation of two vectors. The common counte

The problem is in distinguishing Logic from biased Rhetoric. p → q is often an inappropriate conclusion based on correlation of two vectors. The common counterexample is (r → p) ∧ (r → q). Rhetorically, "correlation (does not imply|is not) causation" is often a red herring to dismiss a hypothesis that warrants further investigation, as correlation is essential for establishing causation.