"ITO comes from the metal indium, which must be mined" The bulk of our indium supply actually comes as a byproduct of zinc mining. As for alternatives to ITO

"ITO comes from the metal indium, which must be mined" The bulk of our indium supply actually comes as a byproduct of zinc mining. As for alternatives to ITO there are many startups working on next generation technologies. Off the top of my head I can name Cambrios (mentioned in the article), Innova Dynamics, C3Nano, and Sinovia Technologies.