5 ms·

The printout-and-highlighters method of reverse engineering was indeed common way back then. It became even more well known in 1982, when Don Lancaster wrote a

The printout-and-highlighters method of reverse engineering was indeed common way back then. It became even more well known in 1982, when Don Lancaster wrote a book entitled Enhancing your Apple II. In it was a chapter on "Tearing into Machine-Language Code," in which he explained a method for using a disassembly printout and colored highlighters to quickly reverse-engineer machine code. This method soon spread beyond the Apple II community. For example, from a 1983 book review in Microcomputing Magazine: Software buffs are likely to vote for the third chapter ("Tearing Into Machine- Language Code") as the jewel of the collection. It is a unique contribution that applies to all machine languages, of which Apple is only one. Possibly no manual anywhere that describes the use of disassemblers and techniques for ex- tracting hidden code can equal this 60-page adventure in decryption. Pro- grammers would do well to look into this chapter to check on techniques they might have missed; commercial software vendors may want to know some things that hackers do to defeat them. Source: Microcomputing Magazine (October 1983) [1] [1] http://archive.org/stream/kilobaudmagazine-1983-10/Microcomputing_1983_October_djvu.txt http://archive.org/stream/kilobaudmagazine-1983-10/Microcomp...

vidarh 13y ago
Interesting... The Apple machines were pretty much unknown in large parts of the world outside the US, so I've actually to this date not even seen an Apple II in person as far as I'm aware, and didn't come across Don Lancaster's stuff until a year or two ago either. Europe was dominated largely by Commodore, with Sinclair, and Atari and maybe Amstrad in "supporting roles" far ahead of the usual suspect of weirder machines for pretty much the entire 80's, until the PC finally got the upper hand. The computer shops near me in the early 80's at one point or another probably stocked about 20-30 distinct home computer brands, but I can't remember seeing any Apple products at any of them until the Macintosh. It's fascinating how the view of home computing is often so completely different from the US vs Europe as a result.
- bluedino 13y ago
  Were there large import tariffs or something making it prohibitively expensive to get Apple computers from the US, or did Apple not market the machines internationally? Countries such as the USSR and Brazil simply made their own Apple clones. I'd suspect Western Europe did not do so because of legal ramifications.
  - vidarh 13y ago
    No it wasn't down to tariffs. Keep in mind Commodore did immensely well in Europe despite being a US company (though in name from some point in time it was a Bahamas corporation for tax reasons) It was many factors I think. Apple indeed was not set up to handle international sales well, while Commodore had a huge international channel owing to a much longer history (the progenitor of Commodore Business Machines was founded in 1954). But all indications are that Commodore (and probably Tandy) outsold Apple substantially in the late 70's in the US too. At that point Apple got the "hacker" market, Commodore focused on the business market. It wasn't until the VIC 20 that Commodore started aggressively going after the consumer market, but the VIC 20 was a low end product, and it was probably first with the C64 that Commodore had a product going after some of the same market as the Apple II. At this point Apple increasingly was the expensive choice, and the European market was apparently a lot more price sensitive. On top of that Apple had much more aggressively pursued schools in the US, and so I guess US parents might have seen the Apple II as a more "serious" choice at a time when Commodore was increasingly getting associated with games. Commodore thoroughly trounced Apple in worldwide sales of 8-bit machines and probably for quite some time in 16 bit models from soon after the introduction of the Amiga, but more and more of their output went to Europe for these reasons (eventually quite a lot of Commodores machines were also manufactured in Germany) but also because Tramiel quickly realized that the European markets were higher margins, and so any if supply couldn't be ramped up quick enough for certain models, Europe got priority. Commodore also burned itself in the US, and its US dealer network, through extreme price war with Texas Instruments and Tandy (pushing things so far that TI pulled out of the market and posted massive losses, but also massively hurting Commodore's profitability - likely a major factor when Jack Tramiel was ousted) and the damage it did to its good will with its US dealer network probably shouldn't be under estimated. (If you're interested in the Commodore/non-Apple view of the early home computer market, "Commodore: A company on the edge" by Brian Bagnall is a fascinating read)
- primitur 13y ago
  Australian, checking in. I first saw a Commodore Pet, then an Apple II shop, in Perth WA, around 1977 - 1982, competing with each other. Tandy had their TRS-80 shops too, but generally .. Apple II was the first "real PC" I remember seeing in the neighborhood of the late 70's. In the early to mid 80's, it was all C64 and Atari and Amstrad for games, pretty well mixed, but a lot of the richer-kids had big Apple II investments, even into the 80's .. and there were of course a lot of other clones in the arena, at that time, too.
specialist 13y ago
You've triggered a flashback. I now sorta recall using different colored highlighter pens to denote different kinds of things: loops, jumps, data, etc.
jmervin 13y ago
Not to derail, but wow! Thanks for pointing out those old Kilobaud issues on TIA.
- vidarh 13y ago
  TIA is amazing. There's also these amazing sites worth knowing about for old computer magazines: http://www.atarimagazines.com/ http://www.atarimagazines.com/ (Not just Atari stuff - also Compute! etc.) http://www.bombjack.org/commodore/ http://www.bombjack.org/commodore/ (Mostly Commodore, but also some more generic 6502 oriented magazines) http://www.atarimania.com/list-atari-magazines.html http://www.atarimania.com/list-atari-magazines.html

vidarh 13y ago

Interesting... The Apple machines were pretty much unknown in large parts of the world outside the US, so I've actually to this date not even seen an Apple II in person as far as I'm aware, and didn't come across Don Lancaster's stuff until a year or two ago either. Europe was dominated largely by Commodore, with Sinclair, and Atari and maybe Amstrad in "supporting roles" far ahead of the usual suspect of weirder machines for pretty much the entire 80's, until the PC finally got the upper hand. The computer shops near me in the early 80's at one point or another probably stocked about 20-30 distinct home computer brands, but I can't remember seeing any Apple products at any of them until the Macintosh. It's fascinating how the view of home computing is often so completely different from the US vs Europe as a result.

bluedino 13y ago
Were there large import tariffs or something making it prohibitively expensive to get Apple computers from the US, or did Apple not market the machines internationally? Countries such as the USSR and Brazil simply made their own Apple clones. I'd suspect Western Europe did not do so because of legal ramifications.
- vidarh 13y ago
  No it wasn't down to tariffs. Keep in mind Commodore did immensely well in Europe despite being a US company (though in name from some point in time it was a Bahamas corporation for tax reasons) It was many factors I think. Apple indeed was not set up to handle international sales well, while Commodore had a huge international channel owing to a much longer history (the progenitor of Commodore Business Machines was founded in 1954). But all indications are that Commodore (and probably Tandy) outsold Apple substantially in the late 70's in the US too. At that point Apple got the "hacker" market, Commodore focused on the business market. It wasn't until the VIC 20 that Commodore started aggressively going after the consumer market, but the VIC 20 was a low end product, and it was probably first with the C64 that Commodore had a product going after some of the same market as the Apple II. At this point Apple increasingly was the expensive choice, and the European market was apparently a lot more price sensitive. On top of that Apple had much more aggressively pursued schools in the US, and so I guess US parents might have seen the Apple II as a more "serious" choice at a time when Commodore was increasingly getting associated with games. Commodore thoroughly trounced Apple in worldwide sales of 8-bit machines and probably for quite some time in 16 bit models from soon after the introduction of the Amiga, but more and more of their output went to Europe for these reasons (eventually quite a lot of Commodores machines were also manufactured in Germany) but also because Tramiel quickly realized that the European markets were higher margins, and so any if supply couldn't be ramped up quick enough for certain models, Europe got priority. Commodore also burned itself in the US, and its US dealer network, through extreme price war with Texas Instruments and Tandy (pushing things so far that TI pulled out of the market and posted massive losses, but also massively hurting Commodore's profitability - likely a major factor when Jack Tramiel was ousted) and the damage it did to its good will with its US dealer network probably shouldn't be under estimated. (If you're interested in the Commodore/non-Apple view of the early home computer market, "Commodore: A company on the edge" by Brian Bagnall is a fascinating read)
primitur 13y ago
Australian, checking in. I first saw a Commodore Pet, then an Apple II shop, in Perth WA, around 1977 - 1982, competing with each other. Tandy had their TRS-80 shops too, but generally .. Apple II was the first "real PC" I remember seeing in the neighborhood of the late 70's. In the early to mid 80's, it was all C64 and Atari and Amstrad for games, pretty well mixed, but a lot of the richer-kids had big Apple II investments, even into the 80's .. and there were of course a lot of other clones in the arena, at that time, too.

specialist 13y ago

You've triggered a flashback. I now sorta recall using different colored highlighter pens to denote different kinds of things: loops, jumps, data, etc.

jmervin 13y ago

Not to derail, but wow! Thanks for pointing out those old Kilobaud issues on TIA.

vidarh 13y ago
TIA is amazing. There's also these amazing sites worth knowing about for old computer magazines: http://www.atarimagazines.com/ http://www.atarimagazines.com/ (Not just Atari stuff - also Compute! etc.) http://www.bombjack.org/commodore/ http://www.bombjack.org/commodore/ (Mostly Commodore, but also some more generic 6502 oriented magazines) http://www.atarimania.com/list-atari-magazines.html http://www.atarimania.com/list-atari-magazines.html