How do I run my C code? How do I pass commands to my app? How do I read/write a file? What is a "compiler? What is "the preprocessor"? What is "linking"?

How do I run my C code? How do I pass commands to my app? How do I read/write a file? What is a "compiler? What is "the preprocessor"? What is "linking"? What is a "linked list"? What is a "Makefile"? What are "C89" and "K&R"? What are those strings in ALL_CAPS? Why is there a segfault and where is it coming from? Why does printf() wait to display stuff not ending with "\n"?