I like the thought, but I personally wouldn't call a change in knowledge alone a substantive effect, there would have to be some concrete effect IMHO as well. E

I like the thought, but I personally wouldn't call a change in knowledge alone a substantive effect, there would have to be some concrete effect IMHO as well. E.g. if I was able to take those phone records and somehow benefit at the stock market by it that could be said to have substantively affected the public, but it would be hard for me to see "knowing a bunch of specific calls were made" as that by itself. And if the NSA is doing their job near-properly any actual substantive effect would have occurred to the non-U.S. public, which I can't imagine that the Act in question was envisioned to cover.