You can keep the original tokens. The challenge with debugging such programs is really the integration with the rest of the optimizations. CPS transformation tu

You can keep the original tokens. The challenge with debugging such programs is really the integration with the rest of the optimizations. CPS transformation turns your program into a ton of tiny functions. Then, any reasonable optimizer will do a huge amount of inlining. Attempting to do trace-based debugging bounces you from one subexpression in one function to another and so forth. Especially when you consider that Manticore (like MLton) is a whole-program optimizing compiler, you also get little chunks of library functions we've duplicated like map, foldr, etc. Worse, we liberally remove dead code, including unused arguments, branches of conditionals we can guarantee are never called, etc. And since it's a research compiler, there isn't really a "-O0". You can turn off individual optimization passes, but guessing what combination lead to something getting inlined or not requires some careful study. As to why they've chosen what they have with LLVM, I don't know enough to judge. Doing something like ML compilers do with a custom calling convention internally and then a C convention externally is pretty expensive, and ends up putting a massive penalty on C calls (oh, you want to call C? let me move the GC pointer out of the way, set up a fake stack frame for you, etc.). Further, doing it makes register allocation more of a challenge. Many ML compilers like to "pin" certain registers with their own values (e.g., the GC local heap limit pointer) so that we can write custom little blobs of assembly that get emitted in the right places without worrying about substituting in what the _real_ heap limit pointer is, etc. That pinning interacts badly with LLVM, as you can see from the Haskell/LLVM master's paper - they basically had to give up on it and just add their pinned values as extra arguments and then stop emitting code that relied on it being in a sane, typical place. Hope that helps! I've been thinking about these problems and talking only with other people who do the same for so many years I'm starting to forget which parts are and aren't obvious (or even published/documented).