I don't understand how they do that (never been into statistics); suppose two persons are alike for the above factors, and they do the same amount of training,

I don't understand how they do that (never been into statistics); suppose two persons are alike for the above factors, and they do the same amount of training, but one trains for muscle strength and the other to be able to do longer runs. Does this study conclude then that the first one is likely to outlive the second one?