There are a few surprises in that list. I'd have thought both Coq and Lua would end up further to the left. I suppose the graph shows an interesting dynamic: ex

There are a few surprises in that list. I'd have thought both Coq and Lua would end up further to the left. I suppose the graph shows an interesting dynamic: expressiveness is not just due to a language's semantics, nor syntax, nor libraries. You need a healthy interplay between all three aspects of a programming language to truly be "expressive".