I would argue that you would need it to be finer-grained. As the story was told, Wellford's preemptive gun use was a response to a perceived threat that did not

I would argue that you would need it to be finer-grained. As the story was told, Wellford's preemptive gun use was a response to a perceived threat that did not exist. You'd want to count those types of incidents separately from those in which the threat was real. And then you'd need a third category where the reality of the threat cannot be established after the fact. You would also want to tag incidents based on 1) harm done to victim, and 2) harm done to criminal. These are two separate dimensions, and in reality there are incidents to fit into every region on that 2d plane.