If you assume the things you listed are going on at all VPN-services, I don't see how they supply "privacy" either. When it comes to law enforcement, I suppose

If you assume the things you listed are going on at all VPN-services, I don't see how they supply "privacy" either. When it comes to law enforcement, I suppose there are differences in which approach they take depending on where the VPN-service is located. If law enforcement did what you suggest frequently in the country where I live, it would be presented as a scandal and would be the death of the VPN-service in question. Of course, you must choose a service you trust to not actually keep logs, and give out non-unique IP-adresses. However, if I lived in a country where I could not trust my government, I agree with you, I would avoid VPN-services located there.