10 ms·

We Need More Operating Systems

119 points by Alfred2 14y ago

lazyjones 14y ago
Seconded, but Linux and OSX seem to be the root causes of this (Net-/Open-/FreeBSD people flocking to these). What happened to all the extremely interesting efforts like EROS (http://www.eros-os.org/ http://www.eros-os.org/) with its global persistence (i.e. can basically recover back to the previous state from switching off the system), Amoeba (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba_distributed_operating_system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba_distributed_operating_sy... multiple hosts seen as one) and others that actually brought extremely useful (even from today's perspective) new paradigms to the table? Most new OS-related efforts seem to happen around virtualization nowdays.
- zdw 14y ago
  (Net-/Open-/FreeBSD people flocking to these). Perhaps on the client side - I'd say that OS X pulled most desktop Unix users away years ago. On the server side the BSD's and "Solarish" (OpenSolaris derivatives) still have a considerable amount of mindshare in their respective niches.
- ginko 14y ago
  A truly distributed OS would be incredibly useful in times like this where people may have a mobile phone, a tablet, a desktop workstation and maybe even their own server. Having all files, processes and system resources accessible from all my devices would be great.
  - tellarin 14y ago
    Not trying to be a MS fanboy here. But, while not truly distributed, this is the one area where I feel Windows 8 might be interesting. I really want to see how (if?) they'll try to provide that experience as it's on phones, tablets, and regular PCs. Any practical experimentation in this area can provide good insights and help future attempts at other OSs. At least that's what I hope happens. :)
  - jff 14y ago
    The Octopus system (http://lsub.org/ls/octopus.html http://lsub.org/ls/octopus.html) attempts to do something like that. It builds on lessons learned from Plan 9 and Inferno.
  - astrobe_ 14y ago
    Another Thompson has worked on it with others: It's the Plan 9 project, and later Inferno. Currently efforts are headed right in that direction both at OS and language level. What you describe is already under way for devices of the same brand/manufacturer is already happening (I'm a afraid make it happen between vendors is going to be a much longer story). It seems to me like a strong selling argument and I don't understand that some big consumer electronics vendor like Sony or LG didn't make it happen already. Maybe the technology isn't cost effective yet. I think that the next major step is to make these technoknowlegies both user-friendly and programmer-friendly in order to make them mainstream. The innovation the author wishes for already happened 20 years ago. What really needs to happen is that someone take it out of the cupboard and use it.
- mburns 14y ago
  >What happened to all the extremely interesting efforts like The same thing that happened to more modest Operating Systems, limited driver support. And since they are a niche already, they had a very small window of opportunity. The new paradigm seems to have moved to linux kernel drivers/modifications, not unlike Haiku OS, that is able to take advantage of the existing linux stack.
npsimons 14y ago
(upfront confession: I love Linux) Ah yes, the old "why did UNIX win? OtherOS was so much better!" chestnut. Reading the article, and yes, the usual suspects come up: VMS, TOPS-20, etc, etc. What I'd like to know is why these OSes were supposedly better, or at least list some of their advantages (eg, versioning filesystems[1]). I'm not questioning the pedigree of the author (someone who actually worked with almost a dozen really different OSes), but the article is almost vacuous, and entirely predictable. I don't doubt that maybe back then UNIX was a dog (just look up the UNIX haters handbook sometime), and it would be really neat to see some revolutionary research in OSes gain traction (my interests in this area include too many to list, but Plan9, Coyotos and Oberon come to mind). But I think a few important factors have lead to Linux leading the pack: first, it's open source. Second, "worse" is better[2]. And perhaps most important, Linux will (probably) be the last OS[3]. [1] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versioning_file_system#Files-11_.28RSX-11_and_OpenVMS.29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versioning_file_system#Files-11... [2] - http://dreamsongs.com/RiseOfWorseIsBetter.html http://dreamsongs.com/RiseOfWorseIsBetter.html [3] - http://linux.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=101317&cid=8633695 http://linux.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=101317&cid=863...
- jacquesm 14y ago
  > Linux will (probably) be the last OS[3] As a long time linux user I sincerely hope you're wrong about that. There is definitely room for something more modern.
  - jspthrowaway2 14y ago
    Are you talking about a new kernel or a new userspace? It's an important distinction.
    - jacquesm 14y ago
      I'd be very happy to see something like QnX, unix on the outside, robust message passing kernel with clustering built into the heart. QnX is much more than just a neat little kernel to do embedded stuff with.
tinco 14y ago
I think the time that new operating systems are able to gain traction is right on our doorstep. The bar for making a desktop OS has been lowered from needing to support Microsoft Office or implementing a feature-equivalent office suite, having a full fledged UI system and many system libraries to just needing webkit to be ported to it. When your operating system supports html and javascript it can already run 90% of what most people do with their computers. To add to that, hardware that is easier to boot (ARM SoC's) is becoming cheap enough to produce that almost anyone (Raspberry Pi, OUYA) can launch a new hardware platform. So the distance is being closed from both sides. I personally think the next step to really making operating system development a popular field again is a new programming language. Yes, really, I think a new C would really be great. A C that has sane syntax and semantics, allows you to structure your code and supports integrating higher level constructs.
- stephencanon 14y ago
  In what way does C fail to have sane syntax and semantics? You may not like the syntax or semantics, but they are reasonably simple and clean; I would say they are eminently sane. The portion of the C spec that defines the language (chapter 6) is actually quite straightforward compared to most language specifications. The syntax is especially straightforward. I can find a few complaints about the semantics (mostly that there would ideally be less implementation- and undefined-behavior), but no worse than my complaints about any other language.
  - Executor 14y ago
    If C had only one source file (i.e. headerless C), then I'd agree that C was great. Otherwise, its a verbose piece of shit language.
    - jspthrowaway2 14y ago
      Something Hacker News has taught me is that no matter what, someone's opinion will surprise me.
  - tikhonj 14y ago
greenranger 14y ago
No we don't.
RyanZAG 14y ago
An OS just needs to get out of the way and let applications work so that people can actually get things done. If the OS is succeeding in allowing the required applications to be made, then we don't need more operating systems. If it is failing to cater to the specific needs, then a new operating system will be created to run those apps - see iOS, Android. You don't build an OS and then build things for it. You build things you need to run, and then you build an OS if you can't run them without it. The article has this relationship backwards imho. In the same way, many people create frameworks and then try to fit them to problems instead of creating frameworks to solve problems.
dreamdu5t 14y ago
After all you would have to compete with an OS that is firmly entrenched on 85-90% of desktop systems on one hand and a free operating system on the other Linux proves this wrong. People built that when the market was completely dominated by Windows. I think the author misses the real reason we don't see a bunch of new OS's: Unix variants and Windows solve their problems very well, and at this point most of the improvement is at the GUI/application layer (a la OS X).
- timthorn 14y ago
  But the server OS market was much more fragmented, and that's where Linux had its original success.
  - Someone 14y ago
    Also, the phone OS market was much more fragmented, and that's where Linux had its other success. The desktop, on the other hand… let's say there is disagreement there as to whether Linux is a success there at the moment.
- pixl97 14y ago
  Unix variants and Windows solve their problems very well Maybe, maybe not, I think the bigger issue is the development cost it would take to get to Linux/Windows standards would be huge. This is why we have one Intel and AMD has to fight like hell to stay alive.
- richy_rich 14y ago
  >Linux proves this wrong. People built that when the market was completely dominated by Windows. Not really, I remember first seeing linux when I was at university in '93/94ish. The computer labs there were mostly SunOS (later Solaris) with a few Windows (3.11, I think) machines for business students. Personally many people had Macs or Amigas (or Atari ST) - or indeed they had PCs but running DOS/DRDOS etc. Windows wasn't completely dominating in business at that point either (although it was clearly winning, thanks to running on IBM compatible machines), DOS was still prevalent but I remember entire trading floors where all the desktops were Sun Ultras. When I started work a few years later the software we built worked on OS/2, NT, Mac (OS 8, I think) and various Unixes. I'd say the windows dominance wasn't long after, but the original Linux wasn't created in a market of complete windows dominance.
zanny 14y ago
I wish there was a reasonably speced out microkernel OS that, if not gaining traction, wasn't based in conspiracy theory or academia but in the practical benefits of having it. I see a very beautiful world where a small kernel could handle preemptive scheduling, virtual memory, and provide a virtual file system and virtual socket abstraction. Devices could use the socket layer and file system to take control of DMI devices provided by the firmware, but still run in userspace. If you used the plan9 "everything is a file" model, system devices could easily exist in their own directory, etc. Then you use a newer privilege model, where an application derives its rights from its parent, who can either down-cast their rights or keep them at the same level as the parent, and the privileges influence the application specific view of the file system (like in Plan9). For IPC, I'd really want to put in an effort to use the lower range ipv6 addresses in a highly optimized virtual socket dispatch so you could have one protocol to rule them all. Every IPC and remote communication, to any device, to any service on any machine, could be done over an abstracted ipv6 layer. Screw the maligned utility of dbus, unix sockets, RPCs, etc, use what you already have and optimize the hell out of that. Also, I'd like to see a reasonable and sane file system. I like how /usr in Unix has nothing to do with a user anymore. How some systems expect /cdrom to be a thing in an era where a tremendously small fraction of machines have baked in CD roms, and those would be SATA devices if not USB externals. The Linux and OSX top level file systems always drive me nuts. I'd use that visibility privilege model to have multiple users - an all user, public user, root user. System binaries would be under root, users would have visibility on themselves and any other user they are given access rights to (passworded or not) including the all and public. You can install and compartmentalize binaries and libraries appropriately. If you want a jail, create a user without any access privilges on other users, and they can only run in a personal vacuum. If you do a good security model where only applications within +/-1 of the privilge heirarchy can see in the socket layer another process, a jailed user would only have visibility on servers like what we have in pulseaudio and X instead of hardware like the gpu or alsa, and those services could be steeled against aggressive input. Such a system I feel would be a breath of fresh air for writing applications. If the runlevels were something like: 0: kernel 1: hardware devices and init 2: hardware service servers, daemons, and login manager 3: max privilge user session, possibly more login managers and daemons to support lower privileged users. 4..n: restricted user sessions with limited views of other contexts. Any layer could explicitly passthrough a higher level service or daemon to visibility on the lower tiers, but it would need to be explicit, you have a very limited scope by default. I'd love to write software in a context like this. Security sounds better to me, communication is unified, and what you see (in the filesystem) is what you get.
rossjudson 14y ago
There are two primary issues. First is the performance of a monolithic kernel versus a message-passing microkernel. Linux has been tuned pretty extensively; as a monolithic kernel with a lot of eyeballs trained on it, it's hard to beat. Second is the fact that the vast majority of OS kernel source represents deep OS _design decisions_. There are a lot of decisions to make. If you're going to make a lot of decisions that are the same as the Linux set, there's not much point in writing your own code. User space has a set of expectations; Linux conforms. Traction is difficult with non-conformance.
lukego 14y ago
I'm writing open source networking software that has potential to become an operating system like Cisco IOS. I see a niche opening up here because networking firmwares running on hardware have been doing a great job for years but are now being squeezed out by virtualization. There's room to replace them with new software (but we have to act fast before everything but the kitchen sink is shoehorned into the Linux kernel). This is open source so if you want to do some relevant OS-style hacking then you're welcome to get involved. It's called Snabb Switch and it's at https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch/wiki https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch/wiki
mlacitation 14y ago
Rob Pike actually wrote something similar in his short, self-proclaimed polemic, "Systems Software Research is Irrelevant": http://herpolhode.com/rob/utah2000.pdf http://herpolhode.com/rob/utah2000.pdf "Only one GUI has ever been seriously tried, and its best ideas date from the 1970s. Surely there are other possibilities. (Linux’s interface isn’t even as good as Windows!) There has been much talk about component architectures but only one true success: Unix pipes. It should be possible to build interactive and distributed applications from piece parts. The future is distributed computation, but the language community has done very little to address that possibility." "The world has decided how it wants computers to be. The systems software research community influenced that decision somewhat, but very little, and now it is shut out of the discussion..." And particularly relevant to the HN community at large: "Be courageous. Try different things; experiment. Try to give a cool demo."
ChuckMcM 14y ago
It is interesting how folks who come from a commercial exposure to OS'es hated UNIX. I admit I was one of them, I was a big TOPS-20 fan, thought RSX-11M had a lot going for it, Unix not so much. Then I went to work for Sun Micro and later joined the kernel group there. Operating systems are 'easy' in the sense that a small group can create them, and pretty much do all the legwork needed to get them into a product. Building hardware is more complex, it involves coordinating manufacturers, part suppliers, and the software to run it. What happens then is if you're a hardware manufacturer and an operating system supplier, then you can tell your designers to make the hardware like you want, you can write the libraries you need in the OS, and everyone leverages the work of everyone else. In the Windows world the 'duopoly of Microsoft and Intel' led to an artificial relationship between hardware manufacturer and OS vendor but it was the same. But if you're not a hardware supplier, you spend an inordinate amount of your operating system resource trying to deal with random bits of hardware you might want to use. Then your OS makes as few assumptions about the hardware as possible and it becomes as simple as it can in order to avoid incurring a huge overhead in getting new hardware into the system. It was this latter feature of UNIX which I really didn't appreciate until I went to work at Sun. I agree with Thompson that it would be nice to have more general purpose operating systems. They are out there, Spring, Chorus, eCos, VMX, Qnx, Etc. but generally they target a more specialized niche whether its embedded or research or some level of security. I'd love to see more accessible OSes as well. One of the projects I started a while back has been an OS for ARM systems that is more like DOS or CP/M or AmigaOS than UNIX or Windows. The thought was something simple that was straight forward to program, not your next Cell Phone OS or something that you'll need a couple of Gigabytes of memory to run, just something you could write and deploy code on for fun or educational purposes. It has been fun to look at "apps" like this. Imagine something that had a shell that was sort of like the Arduino processing UI except self contained. But again, its not general purpose. It's just a tool. I think the next wave in the 'real' OS wave is going to be something very much different than what we think of today, something where it assumes there is a network behind it and that the rest of itself is out there somewhere as APIs. Of course civilization may collapse first :-)
- javert 14y ago
  > I think the next wave in the 'real' OS wave is going to be something very much different than what we think of today, something where it assumes there is a network behind it and that the rest of itself is out there somewhere as APIs. I'd be quite interested to hear more about this, if you have more ideas and care to elaborate.
jmount 14y ago
Up front: I like Unix and Linux. But I think a big part of why Unix/Linux won is you could acquire them. 90% of life is showing up. In the bad old days you could not buy machines or OS's. Until IBM got investigated for anti-trust you leased them with a huge service contract. You had to sign non-disclosures just to use the things. BSD/Unix was available and then became unavailable during the Unix wars, giving Linux an entry.
jspthrowaway2 14y ago
Whenever these discussions come up people tend to blur kernel and userspace. It's happening here, and it's not unforgivable since most operating systems package both together. That's actually half the reason Richard Stallman wants you to say GNU/Linux, the technical correctness of the name (the other half is what makes that annoying). What adventures like Debian on FreeBSD (kFreeBSD) and even Android teach us, though, is that you can take a great kernel with its sweeping hardware support and build something better on top of it. The hardware work has been done for you. Apple could have easily built OS X and Darwin on top of Linux-the-kernel instead of Mach (what an interesting world that would be), but they had a limited range of hardware to target and the resources at their disposal to tailor Mach to their known hardware targets. The kernel for the Intel architecture is, I think, at this point mostly figured out. Microkernel had its shot and on Intel we have seen that it's too slow (even though it makes more sense on paper). Linux is pretty darned good, and I think any attempt to be better will, after a few years, end up looking like Linux from several years ago. The Intel architecture has been stable for a long time, and a lot of clever minds have come up with ways to squeeze every drop out of the machine in Linux. When people say "I want a new operating system!" I'm not hearing them desire a complete kernel rewrite; that's doomed to fail for a plethora of reasons including hardware drivers. I'm hearing them desire a new userspace and GUI. Make something like OS X based on Linux and I'd spend $500+ to buy it and fund its development.
- air 14y ago
  "The kernel for the Intel architecture is, I think, at this point mostly figured out. Microkernel had its shot and on Intel we have seen that it's too slow" Does that judgment include QNX? I'm under the impression that it has quite a good performance for a microkernel.
  - socceroos 14y ago
    It has great performance. And on top of that, it is as stable as a rock. Disclaimer: I love microkernels.
  - chelmuth 14y ago
    It is not only QNX, but also research of the last two decades shows that microkernels are not doomed to be slow. Examples are L4 and Nova (http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/papers_ps/steinberg_eurosys2010.pdf http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/papers_ps/steinberg_eurosys2010....).
AnthonyMouse 14y ago
I don't think we need more operating systems. We just need more ideas, and to make sure that our existing operating systems are modular enough to allow them to fit into the picture. Trying to recreate an entire operating system from scratch is almost universally doomed, even when the end result is something "better" -- Plan9, BeOS, take your pick. Doomed. Because if it's too great a departure from existing platforms all at once then after you're done reinventing the wheel somebody has to go out and build all new roads before you can actually deploy it at scale. All the apps people expect have to be ported (and who is going to port them to an OS nobody uses because it has no apps?), all the drivers for all the different hardware have to be written (and who is going to write them for an OS nobody uses because it has no drivers?), on and on. Which doesn't mean they aren't useful as research projects rather than operating systems: You build something that works on one hardware platform and has no apps, but does something cool, and now you've got a proof of concept and the operating system(s) people actually use can adopt it. And then after they do, the research project OS fully dies because it no longer offers anything novel and it still has no apps and no drivers and no developer community hunting bugs and so forth. The thing we need is an operating system modular enough to allow the implementation of new ideas. Which we pretty much have; and if you can identify an exception, kindly do your part and submit a patch. Most people don't need a versioning file system, but if you do, they're available. And if you don't like the existing ones then you can write your own and plug it in without having to write your own SATA controller drivers. The list of features in Plan9 is basically a TODO list for the Linux community with a good chunk of the boxes already checked. Evolution beats revolution better than 99 times out of 100. All competition is simultaneously healthy/necessary and a wasteful duplication of effort. Having the competition occur at a lower level of granularity reduces the reduplication. Once you get one piece right, that piece can stay as long as it fits while you keep iterating on everything else, without having to reinvent and reimplement all the things that already work. Saying "we need many more operating systems" is like saying "we need many more mutually incompatible version of Internet Protocol" -- even if you can point out a hundred reasons why IPv4 and IPv6 are both terrible, you're still wrong. There are areas where it's better to work collectively toward getting it right the first time (or at least, getting it right the second or third time instead of the thousandth time), because incompatibility and wasted reduplication are not without cost.
jakejake 14y ago
It's interesting to me how different the opinions are of people who are interested in research and advancing technology vs. business people and consumers who, ultimately, are the ones using that technology. I love seeing new progress but I have to admit that my job would be a lot easier if there was one operating system and one browser!
- npsimons 14y ago
  It's particularly interesting to people like me (and I suspect many others on HN), because we straddle the line ("wear many hats"). I personally love crazy ideas (everything is a file! No, really, look at Plan9!) and wild research directions. But for my day to day work, where I have to ship? Linux just works. But I also like having options, both to play with (personal) and to solve problems (work). In many respects, Linux already has enough flexibility and options to satisfy me. As for fragmentation, get used to it; it's part of the job. Things are more unified now than they've ever been, it might not stay that way, and one of the major thrusts of the OP (and many comments here) is that there may be too much unification, and not enough variety and options.
wissler 14y ago
In order to transcend the modern operating system we need to transcend the modern programming language paradigms.
- Alfred2 14y ago
  Good point!
- GeorgeTirebiter 14y ago
  Why, may I ask? Isn't that a bit like saying to truly understand the human brain, we'll need to transcend the use of English?
dysoco 14y ago
What is the point of having more OS if even Linux isn't well supported by driver suppliers or software developers? Just to have more fragmentation? Sure, I love the idea of Plan9, I love small OS like MINIX and revolutionary UI ideas... but let's face the hard truth, most of this projects are destined to live in the research field.
pnathan 14y ago
I'd like to twist the title to be, "We need to solve more hard problems". A considerable amount of what we do in computing is either (1) re-solving old problems with a new shell/language/os/widget library or (2) plumbing between said solutions for communication. This is a fairly ridiculous state of affairs. At the risk of being a snob & starting a flamewar, I'd like to point out that node.js doesn't need to exist: it reimplements systems that already existed, and forces a contorted programming style. Why isn't that energy poured into Erlang or better libraries in C++ for event handling? The same argument can be made for a number of different technologies (why do we have F# divergent from OCaml, why do we have D instead of a better C++? why does MS have to keep spinning their APIs and forcing rework?). My point is, when something is solved, it's good to move on until a compelling reason is found. Operating systems are largely solved, but most of the research stems from the 60s-80s, AFAICT. A number of concepts brought up back then got dropped in the rush to PCs and DOS. One that I particularly remember is the idea of multilevel security partitions. OK, maybe that's a bad idea. But it'd be good to look into it again. What about operating systems written in dynamic languages? What would that look like in a multicpu/multithreaded/multiuser environment? It'd likely be absurdly slow, but maybe it doesn't have to be. There's got to be some great work that was done in Genera that can be leached into the modern world. Why, for instance, is the most common text entry solution a QWERTY keyboard? Why even a keyboard? Isn't there a better solution (voice has worked really badly for me, sadly). Isn't there a better way than what amounts to a revamped typewriter? What about the mouse? My mouse looks suspiciously like Englebart's mouse from '69 or so. Tablets are a great step in this regard. I don't really like them, but I have great respect for Apple, Google, and MS for trying to move beyond the WIMP paradigm. Even if in a decade we still use it, at least we know it's a local maxima. :-)
rbanffy 14y ago
I'd like to suggest we actually need more diversity on every level of the stack. Just about everything being sold as a "computer" is a modernized version of the IBM 5150 that runs (and sometimes is built to run) Windows. Those that don't, run something either inspired or directly derived from AT&T's Unix. Every computer you buy today has one or more CPUs connected to a single memory address space. When they have non-volatile memory attached, it's treated like a disk drive. Sometimes, when I treat a file, I have the disturbing feeling I'm reading a stack of cards... Palm and Newton didn't even have files. I spent far too much time trying to hammer trees into serial stores and vice-versa because those were the tools of the time. There has to be better ideas needing exploration. And a new OS idea, for the first time ever, does not require you to give up a usable collection of software - most software that make up a modern Unix desktop require little more than X and POSIX. Regardless of how weird your underlying OS is, as long as you have that, programmers will be able to use your OS and work on it, which is the only real way to make them write software for it.
augustl 14y ago
I'm wondering if it would make sense to build an OS based on principles important in functional programming, such as immutability. I can't think of any benefits right off the bat, but I'm also no OS designer..
bane 14y ago
This may seem silly, but I'd love to see an extremely simple, single user, single tasked OS like CP/M, but written to exploit modern hardware. The incredibly tall software stack we all live on makes our hardware seem much slower than it actually is, I've long wondered what we could actually get out of modern hardware if we treated it like we used to treat hardware back in the 80s and early 90s - close to the metal and highly optimized.
- gilgoomesh 14y ago
  > The incredibly tall software stack we all live on makes our hardware seem much slower than it actually is Actually, it doesn't really. Modern OSes take up far more RAM (because more services are kept available) but when you're performing operation solely in user space on a modern system, the OS doesn't really interfere. The only impact on any multitasked system -- process scheduling -- is carefully written to have an undetectably small overhead when there's only one busy process. The reason why computers can still occasionally feel slow is: 1) They are processing millions (sometimes billions) of times more data than 1980's era computer. 2) You can always fill up the resources on your computer or overwork your hard disk. This can slow your computer down a 1000 fold.
  - bane 14y ago
    Sorry I should have been more clear. I'm thinking about modern webapps written in Javascript, living in browser, on top of a modern OS pushing all that around (while managing security and virus scanning everything crossing through I/O) with dozens of services running, listening and/or polling various bits of hardware controlled by a scheduler -- once had a printer driver that ate 100MB of RAM and 5% of CPU time background checking to make sure I had paper and enough ink. Sure the convenience of all that is wonderful, but I can't help wonder if things should be much faster than they are. It really does seem insane to me that I can, at times, type faster than my computer can keep up.
michael_miller 14y ago
> I expect some innovative OS research is being done in universities. Sadly, this statement is predominantly false. That's not to say that there aren't interesting ideas being tried out -- there are. It's just that the ways in which Unix is flawed aren't significant enough to warrant switching to a new system. Yeah, the security model of 'sudo' for any permissions at all sucks, but it gets the job done on production systems, and there are (ugly) workarounds to get better security. Yeah, dependency management sucks, but we have VMs to work around versioning issues. There are tons of people proposing solutions to these types of problems in academia, but Unix is entrenched, there's tons of software written for it, and industry is not going to adopt an alternate platform unless it is 10x better than what's out there. Academia is proposing systems that are 10% better, not 10x better, and add complications to the relatively simple process / file model of Unix.

119 points by Alfred2 14y ago

Seconded, but Linux and OSX seem to be the root causes of this (Net-/Open-/FreeBSD people flocking to these). What happened to all the extremely interesting efforts like EROS (http://www.eros-os.org/ http://www.eros-os.org/) with its global persistence (i.e. can basically recover back to the previous state from switching off the system), Amoeba (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba_distributed_operating_system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba_distributed_operating_sy... multiple hosts seen as one) and others that actually brought extremely useful (even from today's perspective) new paradigms to the table? Most new OS-related efforts seem to happen around virtualization nowdays.

zdw 14y ago
(Net-/Open-/FreeBSD people flocking to these). Perhaps on the client side - I'd say that OS X pulled most desktop Unix users away years ago. On the server side the BSD's and "Solarish" (OpenSolaris derivatives) still have a considerable amount of mindshare in their respective niches.
ginko 14y ago
A truly distributed OS would be incredibly useful in times like this where people may have a mobile phone, a tablet, a desktop workstation and maybe even their own server. Having all files, processes and system resources accessible from all my devices would be great.
- tellarin 14y ago
  Not trying to be a MS fanboy here. But, while not truly distributed, this is the one area where I feel Windows 8 might be interesting. I really want to see how (if?) they'll try to provide that experience as it's on phones, tablets, and regular PCs. Any practical experimentation in this area can provide good insights and help future attempts at other OSs. At least that's what I hope happens. :)
- jff 14y ago
  The Octopus system (http://lsub.org/ls/octopus.html http://lsub.org/ls/octopus.html) attempts to do something like that. It builds on lessons learned from Plan 9 and Inferno.
- astrobe_ 14y ago
  Another Thompson has worked on it with others: It's the Plan 9 project, and later Inferno. Currently efforts are headed right in that direction both at OS and language level. What you describe is already under way for devices of the same brand/manufacturer is already happening (I'm a afraid make it happen between vendors is going to be a much longer story). It seems to me like a strong selling argument and I don't understand that some big consumer electronics vendor like Sony or LG didn't make it happen already. Maybe the technology isn't cost effective yet. I think that the next major step is to make these technoknowlegies both user-friendly and programmer-friendly in order to make them mainstream. The innovation the author wishes for already happened 20 years ago. What really needs to happen is that someone take it out of the cupboard and use it.
mburns 14y ago
>What happened to all the extremely interesting efforts like The same thing that happened to more modest Operating Systems, limited driver support. And since they are a niche already, they had a very small window of opportunity. The new paradigm seems to have moved to linux kernel drivers/modifications, not unlike Haiku OS, that is able to take advantage of the existing linux stack.

npsimons 14y ago

(upfront confession: I love Linux) Ah yes, the old "why did UNIX win? OtherOS was so much better!" chestnut. Reading the article, and yes, the usual suspects come up: VMS, TOPS-20, etc, etc. What I'd like to know is why these OSes were supposedly better, or at least list some of their advantages (eg, versioning filesystems[1]). I'm not questioning the pedigree of the author (someone who actually worked with almost a dozen really different OSes), but the article is almost vacuous, and entirely predictable. I don't doubt that maybe back then UNIX was a dog (just look up the UNIX haters handbook sometime), and it would be really neat to see some revolutionary research in OSes gain traction (my interests in this area include too many to list, but Plan9, Coyotos and Oberon come to mind). But I think a few important factors have lead to Linux leading the pack: first, it's open source. Second, "worse" is better[2]. And perhaps most important, Linux will (probably) be the last OS[3]. [1] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versioning_file_system#Files-11_.28RSX-11_and_OpenVMS.29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versioning_file_system#Files-11... [2] - http://dreamsongs.com/RiseOfWorseIsBetter.html http://dreamsongs.com/RiseOfWorseIsBetter.html [3] - http://linux.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=101317&cid=8633695 http://linux.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=101317&cid=863...

jacquesm 14y ago
> Linux will (probably) be the last OS[3] As a long time linux user I sincerely hope you're wrong about that. There is definitely room for something more modern.
- jspthrowaway2 14y ago
  Are you talking about a new kernel or a new userspace? It's an important distinction.
  - jacquesm 14y ago
    I'd be very happy to see something like QnX, unix on the outside, robust message passing kernel with clustering built into the heart. QnX is much more than just a neat little kernel to do embedded stuff with.

tinco 14y ago

I think the time that new operating systems are able to gain traction is right on our doorstep. The bar for making a desktop OS has been lowered from needing to support Microsoft Office or implementing a feature-equivalent office suite, having a full fledged UI system and many system libraries to just needing webkit to be ported to it. When your operating system supports html and javascript it can already run 90% of what most people do with their computers. To add to that, hardware that is easier to boot (ARM SoC's) is becoming cheap enough to produce that almost anyone (Raspberry Pi, OUYA) can launch a new hardware platform. So the distance is being closed from both sides. I personally think the next step to really making operating system development a popular field again is a new programming language. Yes, really, I think a new C would really be great. A C that has sane syntax and semantics, allows you to structure your code and supports integrating higher level constructs.

stephencanon 14y ago
In what way does C fail to have sane syntax and semantics? You may not like the syntax or semantics, but they are reasonably simple and clean; I would say they are eminently sane. The portion of the C spec that defines the language (chapter 6) is actually quite straightforward compared to most language specifications. The syntax is especially straightforward. I can find a few complaints about the semantics (mostly that there would ideally be less implementation- and undefined-behavior), but no worse than my complaints about any other language.
- Executor 14y ago
  If C had only one source file (i.e. headerless C), then I'd agree that C was great. Otherwise, its a verbose piece of shit language.
  - jspthrowaway2 14y ago
    Something Hacker News has taught me is that no matter what, someone's opinion will surprise me.
- tikhonj 14y ago

greenranger 14y ago

No we don't.

RyanZAG 14y ago

An OS just needs to get out of the way and let applications work so that people can actually get things done. If the OS is succeeding in allowing the required applications to be made, then we don't need more operating systems. If it is failing to cater to the specific needs, then a new operating system will be created to run those apps - see iOS, Android. You don't build an OS and then build things for it. You build things you need to run, and then you build an OS if you can't run them without it. The article has this relationship backwards imho. In the same way, many people create frameworks and then try to fit them to problems instead of creating frameworks to solve problems.

dreamdu5t 14y ago

After all you would have to compete with an OS that is firmly entrenched on 85-90% of desktop systems on one hand and a free operating system on the other Linux proves this wrong. People built that when the market was completely dominated by Windows. I think the author misses the real reason we don't see a bunch of new OS's: Unix variants and Windows solve their problems very well, and at this point most of the improvement is at the GUI/application layer (a la OS X).

timthorn 14y ago
But the server OS market was much more fragmented, and that's where Linux had its original success.
- Someone 14y ago
  Also, the phone OS market was much more fragmented, and that's where Linux had its other success. The desktop, on the other hand… let's say there is disagreement there as to whether Linux is a success there at the moment.
pixl97 14y ago
Unix variants and Windows solve their problems very well Maybe, maybe not, I think the bigger issue is the development cost it would take to get to Linux/Windows standards would be huge. This is why we have one Intel and AMD has to fight like hell to stay alive.
richy_rich 14y ago
>Linux proves this wrong. People built that when the market was completely dominated by Windows. Not really, I remember first seeing linux when I was at university in '93/94ish. The computer labs there were mostly SunOS (later Solaris) with a few Windows (3.11, I think) machines for business students. Personally many people had Macs or Amigas (or Atari ST) - or indeed they had PCs but running DOS/DRDOS etc. Windows wasn't completely dominating in business at that point either (although it was clearly winning, thanks to running on IBM compatible machines), DOS was still prevalent but I remember entire trading floors where all the desktops were Sun Ultras. When I started work a few years later the software we built worked on OS/2, NT, Mac (OS 8, I think) and various Unixes. I'd say the windows dominance wasn't long after, but the original Linux wasn't created in a market of complete windows dominance.

zanny 14y ago

I wish there was a reasonably speced out microkernel OS that, if not gaining traction, wasn't based in conspiracy theory or academia but in the practical benefits of having it. I see a very beautiful world where a small kernel could handle preemptive scheduling, virtual memory, and provide a virtual file system and virtual socket abstraction. Devices could use the socket layer and file system to take control of DMI devices provided by the firmware, but still run in userspace. If you used the plan9 "everything is a file" model, system devices could easily exist in their own directory, etc. Then you use a newer privilege model, where an application derives its rights from its parent, who can either down-cast their rights or keep them at the same level as the parent, and the privileges influence the application specific view of the file system (like in Plan9). For IPC, I'd really want to put in an effort to use the lower range ipv6 addresses in a highly optimized virtual socket dispatch so you could have one protocol to rule them all. Every IPC and remote communication, to any device, to any service on any machine, could be done over an abstracted ipv6 layer. Screw the maligned utility of dbus, unix sockets, RPCs, etc, use what you already have and optimize the hell out of that. Also, I'd like to see a reasonable and sane file system. I like how /usr in Unix has nothing to do with a user anymore. How some systems expect /cdrom to be a thing in an era where a tremendously small fraction of machines have baked in CD roms, and those would be SATA devices if not USB externals. The Linux and OSX top level file systems always drive me nuts. I'd use that visibility privilege model to have multiple users - an all user, public user, root user. System binaries would be under root, users would have visibility on themselves and any other user they are given access rights to (passworded or not) including the all and public. You can install and compartmentalize binaries and libraries appropriately. If you want a jail, create a user without any access privilges on other users, and they can only run in a personal vacuum. If you do a good security model where only applications within +/-1 of the privilge heirarchy can see in the socket layer another process, a jailed user would only have visibility on servers like what we have in pulseaudio and X instead of hardware like the gpu or alsa, and those services could be steeled against aggressive input. Such a system I feel would be a breath of fresh air for writing applications. If the runlevels were something like: 0: kernel 1: hardware devices and init 2: hardware service servers, daemons, and login manager 3: max privilge user session, possibly more login managers and daemons to support lower privileged users. 4..n: restricted user sessions with limited views of other contexts. Any layer could explicitly passthrough a higher level service or daemon to visibility on the lower tiers, but it would need to be explicit, you have a very limited scope by default. I'd love to write software in a context like this. Security sounds better to me, communication is unified, and what you see (in the filesystem) is what you get.

rossjudson 14y ago

There are two primary issues. First is the performance of a monolithic kernel versus a message-passing microkernel. Linux has been tuned pretty extensively; as a monolithic kernel with a lot of eyeballs trained on it, it's hard to beat. Second is the fact that the vast majority of OS kernel source represents deep OS _design decisions_. There are a lot of decisions to make. If you're going to make a lot of decisions that are the same as the Linux set, there's not much point in writing your own code. User space has a set of expectations; Linux conforms. Traction is difficult with non-conformance.

lukego 14y ago

I'm writing open source networking software that has potential to become an operating system like Cisco IOS. I see a niche opening up here because networking firmwares running on hardware have been doing a great job for years but are now being squeezed out by virtualization. There's room to replace them with new software (but we have to act fast before everything but the kitchen sink is shoehorned into the Linux kernel). This is open source so if you want to do some relevant OS-style hacking then you're welcome to get involved. It's called Snabb Switch and it's at https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch/wiki https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch/wiki

mlacitation 14y ago

Rob Pike actually wrote something similar in his short, self-proclaimed polemic, "Systems Software Research is Irrelevant": http://herpolhode.com/rob/utah2000.pdf http://herpolhode.com/rob/utah2000.pdf "Only one GUI has ever been seriously tried, and its best ideas date from the 1970s. Surely there are other possibilities. (Linux’s interface isn’t even as good as Windows!) There has been much talk about component architectures but only one true success: Unix pipes. It should be possible to build interactive and distributed applications from piece parts. The future is distributed computation, but the language community has done very little to address that possibility." "The world has decided how it wants computers to be. The systems software research community influenced that decision somewhat, but very little, and now it is shut out of the discussion..." And particularly relevant to the HN community at large: "Be courageous. Try different things; experiment. Try to give a cool demo."

ChuckMcM 14y ago

It is interesting how folks who come from a commercial exposure to OS'es hated UNIX. I admit I was one of them, I was a big TOPS-20 fan, thought RSX-11M had a lot going for it, Unix not so much. Then I went to work for Sun Micro and later joined the kernel group there. Operating systems are 'easy' in the sense that a small group can create them, and pretty much do all the legwork needed to get them into a product. Building hardware is more complex, it involves coordinating manufacturers, part suppliers, and the software to run it. What happens then is if you're a hardware manufacturer and an operating system supplier, then you can tell your designers to make the hardware like you want, you can write the libraries you need in the OS, and everyone leverages the work of everyone else. In the Windows world the 'duopoly of Microsoft and Intel' led to an artificial relationship between hardware manufacturer and OS vendor but it was the same. But if you're not a hardware supplier, you spend an inordinate amount of your operating system resource trying to deal with random bits of hardware you might want to use. Then your OS makes as few assumptions about the hardware as possible and it becomes as simple as it can in order to avoid incurring a huge overhead in getting new hardware into the system. It was this latter feature of UNIX which I really didn't appreciate until I went to work at Sun. I agree with Thompson that it would be nice to have more general purpose operating systems. They are out there, Spring, Chorus, eCos, VMX, Qnx, Etc. but generally they target a more specialized niche whether its embedded or research or some level of security. I'd love to see more accessible OSes as well. One of the projects I started a while back has been an OS for ARM systems that is more like DOS or CP/M or AmigaOS than UNIX or Windows. The thought was something simple that was straight forward to program, not your next Cell Phone OS or something that you'll need a couple of Gigabytes of memory to run, just something you could write and deploy code on for fun or educational purposes. It has been fun to look at "apps" like this. Imagine something that had a shell that was sort of like the Arduino processing UI except self contained. But again, its not general purpose. It's just a tool. I think the next wave in the 'real' OS wave is going to be something very much different than what we think of today, something where it assumes there is a network behind it and that the rest of itself is out there somewhere as APIs. Of course civilization may collapse first :-)

javert 14y ago
> I think the next wave in the 'real' OS wave is going to be something very much different than what we think of today, something where it assumes there is a network behind it and that the rest of itself is out there somewhere as APIs. I'd be quite interested to hear more about this, if you have more ideas and care to elaborate.

jmount 14y ago

Up front: I like Unix and Linux. But I think a big part of why Unix/Linux won is you could acquire them. 90% of life is showing up. In the bad old days you could not buy machines or OS's. Until IBM got investigated for anti-trust you leased them with a huge service contract. You had to sign non-disclosures just to use the things. BSD/Unix was available and then became unavailable during the Unix wars, giving Linux an entry.

jspthrowaway2 14y ago

Whenever these discussions come up people tend to blur kernel and userspace. It's happening here, and it's not unforgivable since most operating systems package both together. That's actually half the reason Richard Stallman wants you to say GNU/Linux, the technical correctness of the name (the other half is what makes that annoying). What adventures like Debian on FreeBSD (kFreeBSD) and even Android teach us, though, is that you can take a great kernel with its sweeping hardware support and build something better on top of it. The hardware work has been done for you. Apple could have easily built OS X and Darwin on top of Linux-the-kernel instead of Mach (what an interesting world that would be), but they had a limited range of hardware to target and the resources at their disposal to tailor Mach to their known hardware targets. The kernel for the Intel architecture is, I think, at this point mostly figured out. Microkernel had its shot and on Intel we have seen that it's too slow (even though it makes more sense on paper). Linux is pretty darned good, and I think any attempt to be better will, after a few years, end up looking like Linux from several years ago. The Intel architecture has been stable for a long time, and a lot of clever minds have come up with ways to squeeze every drop out of the machine in Linux. When people say "I want a new operating system!" I'm not hearing them desire a complete kernel rewrite; that's doomed to fail for a plethora of reasons including hardware drivers. I'm hearing them desire a new userspace and GUI. Make something like OS X based on Linux and I'd spend $500+ to buy it and fund its development.

air 14y ago
"The kernel for the Intel architecture is, I think, at this point mostly figured out. Microkernel had its shot and on Intel we have seen that it's too slow" Does that judgment include QNX? I'm under the impression that it has quite a good performance for a microkernel.
- socceroos 14y ago
  It has great performance. And on top of that, it is as stable as a rock. Disclaimer: I love microkernels.
- chelmuth 14y ago
  It is not only QNX, but also research of the last two decades shows that microkernels are not doomed to be slow. Examples are L4 and Nova (http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/papers_ps/steinberg_eurosys2010.pdf http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/papers_ps/steinberg_eurosys2010....).

AnthonyMouse 14y ago

I don't think we need more operating systems. We just need more ideas, and to make sure that our existing operating systems are modular enough to allow them to fit into the picture. Trying to recreate an entire operating system from scratch is almost universally doomed, even when the end result is something "better" -- Plan9, BeOS, take your pick. Doomed. Because if it's too great a departure from existing platforms all at once then after you're done reinventing the wheel somebody has to go out and build all new roads before you can actually deploy it at scale. All the apps people expect have to be ported (and who is going to port them to an OS nobody uses because it has no apps?), all the drivers for all the different hardware have to be written (and who is going to write them for an OS nobody uses because it has no drivers?), on and on. Which doesn't mean they aren't useful as research projects rather than operating systems: You build something that works on one hardware platform and has no apps, but does something cool, and now you've got a proof of concept and the operating system(s) people actually use can adopt it. And then after they do, the research project OS fully dies because it no longer offers anything novel and it still has no apps and no drivers and no developer community hunting bugs and so forth. The thing we need is an operating system modular enough to allow the implementation of new ideas. Which we pretty much have; and if you can identify an exception, kindly do your part and submit a patch. Most people don't need a versioning file system, but if you do, they're available. And if you don't like the existing ones then you can write your own and plug it in without having to write your own SATA controller drivers. The list of features in Plan9 is basically a TODO list for the Linux community with a good chunk of the boxes already checked. Evolution beats revolution better than 99 times out of 100. All competition is simultaneously healthy/necessary and a wasteful duplication of effort. Having the competition occur at a lower level of granularity reduces the reduplication. Once you get one piece right, that piece can stay as long as it fits while you keep iterating on everything else, without having to reinvent and reimplement all the things that already work. Saying "we need many more operating systems" is like saying "we need many more mutually incompatible version of Internet Protocol" -- even if you can point out a hundred reasons why IPv4 and IPv6 are both terrible, you're still wrong. There are areas where it's better to work collectively toward getting it right the first time (or at least, getting it right the second or third time instead of the thousandth time), because incompatibility and wasted reduplication are not without cost.

jakejake 14y ago

It's interesting to me how different the opinions are of people who are interested in research and advancing technology vs. business people and consumers who, ultimately, are the ones using that technology. I love seeing new progress but I have to admit that my job would be a lot easier if there was one operating system and one browser!

npsimons 14y ago
It's particularly interesting to people like me (and I suspect many others on HN), because we straddle the line ("wear many hats"). I personally love crazy ideas (everything is a file! No, really, look at Plan9!) and wild research directions. But for my day to day work, where I have to ship? Linux just works. But I also like having options, both to play with (personal) and to solve problems (work). In many respects, Linux already has enough flexibility and options to satisfy me. As for fragmentation, get used to it; it's part of the job. Things are more unified now than they've ever been, it might not stay that way, and one of the major thrusts of the OP (and many comments here) is that there may be too much unification, and not enough variety and options.

wissler 14y ago

In order to transcend the modern operating system we need to transcend the modern programming language paradigms.

Alfred2 14y ago
Good point!
GeorgeTirebiter 14y ago
Why, may I ask? Isn't that a bit like saying to truly understand the human brain, we'll need to transcend the use of English?

dysoco 14y ago

What is the point of having more OS if even Linux isn't well supported by driver suppliers or software developers? Just to have more fragmentation? Sure, I love the idea of Plan9, I love small OS like MINIX and revolutionary UI ideas... but let's face the hard truth, most of this projects are destined to live in the research field.

pnathan 14y ago

I'd like to twist the title to be, "We need to solve more hard problems". A considerable amount of what we do in computing is either (1) re-solving old problems with a new shell/language/os/widget library or (2) plumbing between said solutions for communication. This is a fairly ridiculous state of affairs. At the risk of being a snob & starting a flamewar, I'd like to point out that node.js doesn't need to exist: it reimplements systems that already existed, and forces a contorted programming style. Why isn't that energy poured into Erlang or better libraries in C++ for event handling? The same argument can be made for a number of different technologies (why do we have F# divergent from OCaml, why do we have D instead of a better C++? why does MS have to keep spinning their APIs and forcing rework?). My point is, when something is solved, it's good to move on until a compelling reason is found. Operating systems are largely solved, but most of the research stems from the 60s-80s, AFAICT. A number of concepts brought up back then got dropped in the rush to PCs and DOS. One that I particularly remember is the idea of multilevel security partitions. OK, maybe that's a bad idea. But it'd be good to look into it again. What about operating systems written in dynamic languages? What would that look like in a multicpu/multithreaded/multiuser environment? It'd likely be absurdly slow, but maybe it doesn't have to be. There's got to be some great work that was done in Genera that can be leached into the modern world. Why, for instance, is the most common text entry solution a QWERTY keyboard? Why even a keyboard? Isn't there a better solution (voice has worked really badly for me, sadly). Isn't there a better way than what amounts to a revamped typewriter? What about the mouse? My mouse looks suspiciously like Englebart's mouse from '69 or so. Tablets are a great step in this regard. I don't really like them, but I have great respect for Apple, Google, and MS for trying to move beyond the WIMP paradigm. Even if in a decade we still use it, at least we know it's a local maxima. :-)

rbanffy 14y ago

I'd like to suggest we actually need more diversity on every level of the stack. Just about everything being sold as a "computer" is a modernized version of the IBM 5150 that runs (and sometimes is built to run) Windows. Those that don't, run something either inspired or directly derived from AT&T's Unix. Every computer you buy today has one or more CPUs connected to a single memory address space. When they have non-volatile memory attached, it's treated like a disk drive. Sometimes, when I treat a file, I have the disturbing feeling I'm reading a stack of cards... Palm and Newton didn't even have files. I spent far too much time trying to hammer trees into serial stores and vice-versa because those were the tools of the time. There has to be better ideas needing exploration. And a new OS idea, for the first time ever, does not require you to give up a usable collection of software - most software that make up a modern Unix desktop require little more than X and POSIX. Regardless of how weird your underlying OS is, as long as you have that, programmers will be able to use your OS and work on it, which is the only real way to make them write software for it.

augustl 14y ago

I'm wondering if it would make sense to build an OS based on principles important in functional programming, such as immutability. I can't think of any benefits right off the bat, but I'm also no OS designer..

bane 14y ago

This may seem silly, but I'd love to see an extremely simple, single user, single tasked OS like CP/M, but written to exploit modern hardware. The incredibly tall software stack we all live on makes our hardware seem much slower than it actually is, I've long wondered what we could actually get out of modern hardware if we treated it like we used to treat hardware back in the 80s and early 90s - close to the metal and highly optimized.

gilgoomesh 14y ago
> The incredibly tall software stack we all live on makes our hardware seem much slower than it actually is Actually, it doesn't really. Modern OSes take up far more RAM (because more services are kept available) but when you're performing operation solely in user space on a modern system, the OS doesn't really interfere. The only impact on any multitasked system -- process scheduling -- is carefully written to have an undetectably small overhead when there's only one busy process. The reason why computers can still occasionally feel slow is: 1) They are processing millions (sometimes billions) of times more data than 1980's era computer. 2) You can always fill up the resources on your computer or overwork your hard disk. This can slow your computer down a 1000 fold.
- bane 14y ago
  Sorry I should have been more clear. I'm thinking about modern webapps written in Javascript, living in browser, on top of a modern OS pushing all that around (while managing security and virus scanning everything crossing through I/O) with dozens of services running, listening and/or polling various bits of hardware controlled by a scheduler -- once had a printer driver that ate 100MB of RAM and 5% of CPU time background checking to make sure I had paper and enough ink. Sure the convenience of all that is wonderful, but I can't help wonder if things should be much faster than they are. It really does seem insane to me that I can, at times, type faster than my computer can keep up.

michael_miller 14y ago

> I expect some innovative OS research is being done in universities. Sadly, this statement is predominantly false. That's not to say that there aren't interesting ideas being tried out -- there are. It's just that the ways in which Unix is flawed aren't significant enough to warrant switching to a new system. Yeah, the security model of 'sudo' for any permissions at all sucks, but it gets the job done on production systems, and there are (ugly) workarounds to get better security. Yeah, dependency management sucks, but we have VMs to work around versioning issues. There are tons of people proposing solutions to these types of problems in academia, but Unix is entrenched, there's tons of software written for it, and industry is not going to adopt an alternate platform unless it is 10x better than what's out there. Academia is proposing systems that are 10% better, not 10x better, and add complications to the relatively simple process / file model of Unix.