Multiple separate questions here. First, is a measured improvement actually real or just an artifact of noise? Second, if it is real, is 3% anywhere close to

Multiple separate questions here. First, is a measured improvement actually real or just an artifact of noise? Second, if it is real, is 3% anywhere close to the true value? Third, if 3% is real, is it an important difference? I'm just commenting on the third one. If 3% is real, it's important. I'm inclined to believe there's a real improvement. They made a lot of different measurements. If the measured improvement was a result of noise, you'd expect a lot of variation an a lot of measurements where TSA was actually faster, and then 3% was the average of that variation. There was a lot of variation (expected, because they were measuring different things) but nearly all of them had TSO being either neutral or slower. Looking at their benchmark graphs, I see two (out of dozens) where TSO was faster. As far as being close to the true value, these results suggest there is no single true value, as it depends on the workload. No surprise there.