> That's not to say that jobs weren't lost, even en masse, but they were replaced That's what the article was implying with: > Yes, new jobs were created, bu

> That's not to say that jobs weren't lost, even en masse, but they were replaced That's what the article was implying with: > Yes, new jobs were created, but often not for those people who lost their jobs. Coal miners didn't just become programmers overnight. The point is that middle-income (industrial) jobs were replaced with less, higher-income (service/knowledge/advanced industrial) jobs, with virtually zero overlap between the two in terms of workers. This is why certain regions across the West (US Rust belt, Northern England etc.) were devastated and have become so immiserated.