git, github or heroku are not needed at all for web development. You're missing the forest for the trees. While it's true that those particular technologies ar

git, github or heroku are not needed at all for web development. You're missing the forest for the trees. While it's true that those particular technologies aren't necessary, professional-grade development does require version control, shareable repositories, and deployment. Git, GitHub, and Heroku are just the solutions I happen to use in the book.