I refer you to the Knapp Commission Report of 1972. Page 1 (the very first words): "We found corruption to be widespread". Page 10: "Commissioner Murphy in

I refer you to the Knapp Commission Report of 1972. Page 1 (the very first words): "We found corruption to be widespread". Page 10: "Commissioner Murphy in his early statements about corruption regularly included a pointed statement indicating that the corruption in the Department was limited to a few officers. On one occasion he went so far as to imply that there were no more than about 300 corrupt police officers in the entire Department. After Patrolman Phillips had completed two of his three days of testimony at our public hearings, Commissioner Murphy found it necessary to discount his testimony of widespread corruption, referring to him as a 'rogue cop.'" "Smith defined it [the rotten apple doctrine] as standing for the proposition that 'police departments are essentially free of corruption except for the presence of a few corrupt officers who have managed to slip into police service and also into key assignments such as gambling investigations, despite rigorously applied screening procedures designed to keep them out.'" "the Department now rejected this approach 'not just on principle, but because as a way of controlling corruption it had utterly failed.'" Page 7: "The Commission examined and rejected the premises upon which the rotten-apple doctrine rested" Page 11: ". . . they [the public] are sick of ‘bobbing for rotten apples" Page 5: "investigations have occurred on the average of once in twenty years since before the turn of the century, and yet conditions exposed by one investigation seem substantially unchanged when the next one makes its report. This doesn’t mean that the police have a monopoly on corruption. On the contrary, in every area where police corruption exists it is paralleled by corruption in other agencies of government, in industry and labor, and in the professions." Page 61: "The Commission’s findings were hardly new. As long ago as 1844, when the state legislature created the New York police force as the first municipal police department in the country, historians record an immediate problem" (This was followed by a brief summary of every previous scandal and Commission dating back to 1844).