Not sure I'd call it "normal", we're exceptional! :) But Spain does have this, I have a literal digital certificate linked to my name, sitting in my browser, th

Not sure I'd call it "normal", we're exceptional! :) But Spain does have this, I have a literal digital certificate linked to my name, sitting in my browser, that I use for logging in to various government services and also use to sign+submit my taxes. Apparently there even is a page in English explaining how it works, in case others are interested: https://www.fnmt.es/en/ceres https://www.fnmt.es/en/ceres > The CERES project (Spanish Certification) headed by the FNMT-RCM consists of establishing a Public Certification Entity that will enable authentication and guarantee the confidentiality of communications between citizens, companies or other institutions and the Public Administrations via the open communication networks. So far, in my ~decade here, it's been working out great and is so easy to use.