Are you disagreeing just to disagree? My numbers are obviously not going to fit every app in every situation, but I think they illustrate a perfectly realistic

Are you disagreeing just to disagree? My numbers are obviously not going to fit every app in every situation, but I think they illustrate a perfectly realistic use case For the text rendering thing, I think we're talking past each other? Nothing I mentioned implied redoing layout every frame? You render to a pixel buffer, upload that pixel buffer to the GPU, then just draw that texture every render. For DWM, it sounds like you agree it has one shared composite buffer (which I didn't count in my calculations) and one front buffer and one back buffer per active application. Exactly as I said