I think single dynamic dispatch is one thing but ends up reasonably well optimised by modern compilers, especially the JVM. I think most code written since the

I think single dynamic dispatch is one thing but ends up reasonably well optimised by modern compilers, especially the JVM. I think most code written since the 2010s prefers the composition over inheritance pattern for the most part so tends to use interfaces rather than concrete base classes. That said, double dispatch as in the visitor pattern is often too hard to analyse for optimisation and I think humans frequently get a bit lost with it as well. Fortunately pattern matching is doing away with it. I think it's one of these gang of four patterns that has a lot of people scratching their heads and wondering if the open/closed principal is that worth sticking to if this is the outcome.