Right, but what I meant was: the other tests that the article says are used for definitively proving discrimination are equally bad, and subject to the same obj

Right, but what I meant was: the other tests that the article says are used for definitively proving discrimination are equally bad, and subject to the same objection. Just substituting “one standard deviation“ or “statistical significance“for “80%“ doesn’t fix the fundamental problem here, which is that there are unmeasured confounders.