6 ms·

Why are we emotionally tied to command line interfaces Desktop apps are a second class citizen that do not get feature parity Lot of actions on Claude Code se

Why are we emotionally tied to command line interfaces Desktop apps are a second class citizen that do not get feature parity Lot of actions on Claude Code seem much more suited for a thoughtfully designed GUI Even the chat responses and links therein can benefit from judicious use of rich text and formatting and real hyperlinks to other parts of the UI or elsewhere Favourite Skills can be toolbar buttons or menus if user so wishes.

mmh0000 4mo ago
Use Claude Desktop? (https://claude.com/download https://claude.com/download) Personally, I much prefer the CLI. The CLI is a tool that has been refined for over 50 years to excel at text input and output. Once you learn it, it can feel like an extension of your brain.
hombre_fatal 4mo ago
Why did you lambast it as an emotional attachment instead of a practical preference? People prefer terminal apps because they run inside our terminal app environments (kitty, zellij, tmux), tend to be keyboard driven, tend to be more lightweight than GUIs, tend to be scriptable, and can be run remotely over a standard ssh session. A conventional GUI is a nonstarter in comparison.
pjmlp 4mo ago
I really don't get it. Started using computers when that was the only affordable way to use computers. For some reason, some people really love to live in 1970's with their expensive HiDPI monitors.
- aninteger 4mo ago
  And some of us love to live in the 1970s with cheap non-HiDPI monitors (or maybe it's just me).
- hvb2 4mo ago
  Because it's all keyboard based. Depending on your field of work a good UI can be very different. A few years ago I watched an account work through my companies numbers using their accounting software. It's entry method? A windows commander like tool. The menu options like add expense etc were all numbered. So he never left the numeric part of his keyboard. The tool looked super old and obsolete but as soon as you see a power user use it, you see why.
  - pjmlp 4mo ago
    GUIs can also be keyboard based, and there are language REPLs as well.
- munk-a 4mo ago
  I don't mind a GUI (as long as it isn't an obnoxiously large ribbon or anything) - but if I'm doing work my input device is the keyboard. I don't want to interface with software through moving a mouse pointer when I can just tell it what to do with a few keystrokes.
  - pjmlp 4mo ago
    Xerox PARC REPL sytle, and better you can get the inline graphics for free, as there is no need to emulate a teletype.
- benjamincburns 4mo ago
  I wasn't alive in the 70s, but I still prefer a terminal. I can string together a complex series of text-related tasks far more effectively as a shell pipeline than I can by pointing and clicking in a UI. I can scale that sequence of tasks out to operate on every file on the filesystem if I want, or down to a single character in a single file. Claude Code being a full-featured TUI is also helpful because I can quickly/easily use it remotely via SSH without having to deal with setting up X forwarding, VNC, Parsec, etc. The remote host doesn't even need to have a window manager. Sure, it'd be nice if it also had an elegant multi-page GUI so I could more easily drill into the actions its performing and make better use of my large screen to watch it do multi-agent things, but if I have to choose between the two, I prefer the TUI. That said, I'd much rather use a GUI to do things that are actually visual/spatial in nature.
  - pjmlp 4mo ago
    I can do the same in a language REPL, with the advantage it doesn't need to emulate a teletype.
    - 1718627440 4mo ago
      The terminal is a language REPL, which the advantage, that it is the environment the whole OS runs on.
      - pjmlp 4mo ago
        It is an handicapped REPL, not really the same. Such statements can only be voiced by those that never experienced what using a proper REPL actually feels like. Not something that emulates a vt100 teletype.
        1718627440 4mo ago
        The "vt100 teletype emulation" only concerns the protocol in which the program describes what to draw on the display. It might be inconvenient for the programmer, but for the user it is kinda irrelevant. > Such statements can only be voiced by those that never experienced what using a proper REPL actually feels like. Maybe. What do you mean with proper REPL? SBCL just runs fine in my terminal emulator. As do all other kind of programming languages, like Prolog. When I interface with the OS, I want to start programs, control the processes, setup communication channels (pipes) and tell to computer to combine multiple programs to filter, combine, split stuff and redirect it to files and other programs. These should be also be able to run several times with slight differences. All of that works just fine in my shell. What are you missing?
- canpan 4mo ago
  It might be overcompensation. I think UI, UX and GUIs got better up until the 90s, and early 2000s, but then somewhere GUIs suddenly got a lot worse. So a modern CLI is better and more standardized than a modern GUI.
  - pjmlp 4mo ago
    A modern CLI would be a REPL.
  - thewebguyd 4mo ago
    > then somewhere GUIs suddenly got a lot worse Electron is the reason, and the elusive dream of "write once, run anywhere" that got us cross platform UIs that are bespoke and don't follow native OS conventions (or keyboard navigation), plus once marketing got involved and GUIs started needing to be branded instead of just fitting in with every other native app on that OS.
    - rafterydj 4mo ago
      I see arguments like this particularly against Electron and the web development sphere in general and I think it's more nuanced than either programmers or "marketing" (read: anyone not a programmer) gives credit towards. The "elusive dream" of 'write once, run anywhere' is realistically just people wanting to write software with direct product or service use in mind. Native OS conventions are subject to the middlemen of OS vendors, whereas the web (while basically subject to the same vendors) makes a substantial attempt at bridging the gap of writing software for your own purposes without native OS problems. This is a symptom of OSes catering/selling to developers as a platform and hooking them in the 1990s and 2000s. This attitude that wanting to just make useful code for people and not worry about a windows 11 update breaking everything because they are irresponsible - to think that is not a valid desire is IMO a big problem. On the other hand, you have a point that it quickly gets out of hand in terms of standards and accessibility and performance bottlenecks. WebAssembly and the WASI are so slow to come out and will by design always be slower than native performance. This doesn't and shouldn't stop us from having decently performant and decently usable program experiences, but it is a prerequisite to care about those things, and the other inheritors of the web development sphere clearly do not want to develop things properly if they take longer than the next fiscal quarter. There is 100% good Electron code out there, just as 100% there is bad native OS code. The problem isn't inherently the goals of the 'write once, run anywhere' idea; it's more the casualty of other interests pulling away from what developers actually want.
bashtoni 4mo ago
A text based interface is perfect for interacting with a large language model, and it seems unsurprising to me that it's the most popular way to work with them. Frankly, the idea of having to decipher what a picture is supposed to represent to use a skill fills me with horror.
patates 4mo ago
Composability (piping to other programs, or calling them via scripts), reachability (through ssh, for example), focus (not being distracted by all options being present) and universality (cli is more or less the same interface everywhere) are my reasons. I still use GUI apps too, and actually find claude code to be closer to a GUI app than a cli.
samlinnfer 4mo ago
The Unix philosophy is not emotional.
joshka 4mo ago
[flagged]
DeathArrow 4mo ago
>Why are we emotionally tied to command line interfaces Being a power user, having used computers for more than 30 years, I usually prefer GUI because that's an evolution over CLI. Going from the basic interpreter on ZX Spectrum to the command line in MS DOS had me mesmerized. Going from the DOS CLI to Windows 95 GUI, had me me mesmerized, too. I think people in general consider themselves more pro and "hackers" if they use CLI and editors like Vi and Emacs. There are bonus points for memorizing hundreds of different keyboard shortcuts and not using the mouse at all. If they absolutely have to use GUI, they not use a desktop environment in Linux but a stacking window manager.
- ta8903 4mo ago
  Would you prefer if those people used a mouse and desktop environments?
  - DeathArrow 4mo ago
    I am not trying to diminish anyone and I do not have a preferences for how other people use computers. I was merely trying to explain why the CLI gets so much attention.
- pjmlp 4mo ago
  Which is a pity, a real hacker uses a graphical environment inspired from Lisp Machines, Interlisp-D, Smalltalk, selecting code in the REPL with "do it", fixing it on the fly in the debugger and "redo it", changing the work environment in the flow. Unfortunely they hear that and only understand Emacs.
kstenerud 4mo ago
I do love GUIs, and use them for most of my workflow. But for Claude, I definitely prefer the CLI. Since it's a CLI app, I can wrap it in yoloAI for the sandbox protection, and also use VS Code's tunneling feature to reach that sandboxed workdir (with permissions safely bypassed) through my GUI. https://freeimage.host/i/screenshot-2026-05-19-at-141349.BySkkDN https://freeimage.host/i/screenshot-2026-05-19-at-141349.ByS...
- benjamincburns 4mo ago
  But can you paste an image into it? I have a similar setup, but I access it directly via iTerm2 instead of VS Code's terminal. I've figured out the right terminal settings to get copying/pasting text to work (including with neovim's + register), but not images. Would be nice to paste images, though. Currently I have to SCP them over.
  - kstenerud 4mo ago
    I've actually never tried it before. I just ran some tests now on a mac: If I copy a file in Finder and paste it into a claude session, it shows in the TUI as [Image #1]. If I do the same, but paste into a claude session running over SSH, it pastes the path to the file, not the data. If I open the image in Preview, copy the pixels (CMD-A, CMD-C), pasting that into a terminal does nothing. So it looks like CC just puts UI sugar over top of the image path when it has file access to it? That's not really image pasting, though...
    - benjamincburns 4mo ago
      I suspect the first case worked as intended, and VS Code is greasing the wheels. I'm sure there's a way to get it working in iTerm 2, though I wouldn't be surprised if the solution was some Goldbergian chain of forwarded unix sockets and a helper daemon living inside the sandbox. Thanks for mentioning yoloAI, though. I started off sandboxing via devcontainers using kata & cloud hypervisor set up as a custom docker runtime. It worked well enough, but nested docker was super slow due to virtio-fs limitations. I recently moved to sysbox and it's a bit quicker. It's probably not as airtight as kata/chv, but good enough to keep Claude from writing a security test that deletes my whole filesystem [1]. 1: https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code/issues/28521 https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code/issues/28521
oneneptune 4mo ago
idk I just like running 6/8 terminal panes and organizing my workflows / projects in an exact space. I even tweaked my theme. and seeing them all on my side portrait monitor.
pdantix 4mo ago
i would gladly use claude code via the desktop app, but it lags behind the cli in terms of supported features, so i just don't bother. last i tried, it didn't support executing CC within WSL while desktop is running in windows.
- rajveerb 4mo ago
  Not true anymore.
cookiengineer 4mo ago
Claude Code can't slopcode working GUIs That's the real reason. If you don't believe me, take a look at the leaked codebase from a couple weeks ago. It's the stuff of nightmares, because too many junior devs slopcoded in all places without any plan or understanding of software architecture patterns. They never actually take the time to refactor, there's dozens of outdated redundancies and orphaned modules all over the place. Without good architecture patterns, there can be no good GUI nor good UX.
davkan 4mo ago
For one I’m not sure if I’ve ever gotten an ad in my terminal or in a tui. That alone is probably enough. And it’s so much harder to ruin the terminal experience compared to a desktop app. They don’t get pointless redesigns. I can customize them however I want. The terminal is a like an oasis in the current climate. And that before getting into utility.
- minetest2048 4mo ago
  You can have ads in a terminal / CLI, for example Ubuntu put an ad for their Ubuntu Pro service when you run sudo apt upgrade: https://linuxiac.com/ubuntu-once-again-angered-users-by-placing-ads/ https://linuxiac.com/ubuntu-once-again-angered-users-by-plac... . But the worst thing they can do is to show a plain text
  - embedding-shape 4mo ago
    I remember some ops back in the day putting ads into /etc/motd (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_of_the_day https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_of_the_day) for free/cheap servers/services too, 2-3 decades ago.
  - Jblx2 4mo ago
    We'll they could also send your terminal a 0x07. And let me introduce you to ASCII art: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_art https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_art
- albert_e 4mo ago
  "Calude agents" cli lauched recently It was very poor UX (from the demos i saw) -- and i tried it myself in Windows native command terminal and the rendering was horribly broken (windows is a second class OS for dev tools). A light weight GUI with keyboard shortcuts that mimic CLI experience would have been far better without taking anything away from power users of the terminal.
- snitch182 4mo ago
  Well powershell is a pointless and optical nausea redesign of a shell. I would not call it design per se .. or maybe it was. ?
kordlessagain 4mo ago
Why are we emotionally tied to punctuation?
giancarlostoro 4mo ago
The reason for the CLI is because most editors will support CLIs natively, so its very easy to pop in Claude Code either via your IDE or your preferred terminal in your project directory. It's lowkey the most genius design choice by Anthropic. Why they havent made a real GUI since? No idea.
Jblx2 4mo ago
https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mitra/csSummer2024/hsra/lectures/Stephenson-CommandLine.pdf https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mitra/csSummer2024/hsra/lectures/...

mmh0000 4mo ago

Use Claude Desktop? (https://claude.com/download https://claude.com/download) Personally, I much prefer the CLI. The CLI is a tool that has been refined for over 50 years to excel at text input and output. Once you learn it, it can feel like an extension of your brain.

hombre_fatal 4mo ago

Why did you lambast it as an emotional attachment instead of a practical preference? People prefer terminal apps because they run inside our terminal app environments (kitty, zellij, tmux), tend to be keyboard driven, tend to be more lightweight than GUIs, tend to be scriptable, and can be run remotely over a standard ssh session. A conventional GUI is a nonstarter in comparison.

pjmlp 4mo ago

I really don't get it. Started using computers when that was the only affordable way to use computers. For some reason, some people really love to live in 1970's with their expensive HiDPI monitors.

aninteger 4mo ago
And some of us love to live in the 1970s with cheap non-HiDPI monitors (or maybe it's just me).
hvb2 4mo ago
Because it's all keyboard based. Depending on your field of work a good UI can be very different. A few years ago I watched an account work through my companies numbers using their accounting software. It's entry method? A windows commander like tool. The menu options like add expense etc were all numbered. So he never left the numeric part of his keyboard. The tool looked super old and obsolete but as soon as you see a power user use it, you see why.
- pjmlp 4mo ago
  GUIs can also be keyboard based, and there are language REPLs as well.
munk-a 4mo ago
I don't mind a GUI (as long as it isn't an obnoxiously large ribbon or anything) - but if I'm doing work my input device is the keyboard. I don't want to interface with software through moving a mouse pointer when I can just tell it what to do with a few keystrokes.
- pjmlp 4mo ago
  Xerox PARC REPL sytle, and better you can get the inline graphics for free, as there is no need to emulate a teletype.
benjamincburns 4mo ago
I wasn't alive in the 70s, but I still prefer a terminal. I can string together a complex series of text-related tasks far more effectively as a shell pipeline than I can by pointing and clicking in a UI. I can scale that sequence of tasks out to operate on every file on the filesystem if I want, or down to a single character in a single file. Claude Code being a full-featured TUI is also helpful because I can quickly/easily use it remotely via SSH without having to deal with setting up X forwarding, VNC, Parsec, etc. The remote host doesn't even need to have a window manager. Sure, it'd be nice if it also had an elegant multi-page GUI so I could more easily drill into the actions its performing and make better use of my large screen to watch it do multi-agent things, but if I have to choose between the two, I prefer the TUI. That said, I'd much rather use a GUI to do things that are actually visual/spatial in nature.
- pjmlp 4mo ago
  I can do the same in a language REPL, with the advantage it doesn't need to emulate a teletype.
  - 1718627440 4mo ago
    The terminal is a language REPL, which the advantage, that it is the environment the whole OS runs on.
    - pjmlp 4mo ago
      It is an handicapped REPL, not really the same. Such statements can only be voiced by those that never experienced what using a proper REPL actually feels like. Not something that emulates a vt100 teletype.
      - 1718627440 4mo ago
        The "vt100 teletype emulation" only concerns the protocol in which the program describes what to draw on the display. It might be inconvenient for the programmer, but for the user it is kinda irrelevant. > Such statements can only be voiced by those that never experienced what using a proper REPL actually feels like. Maybe. What do you mean with proper REPL? SBCL just runs fine in my terminal emulator. As do all other kind of programming languages, like Prolog. When I interface with the OS, I want to start programs, control the processes, setup communication channels (pipes) and tell to computer to combine multiple programs to filter, combine, split stuff and redirect it to files and other programs. These should be also be able to run several times with slight differences. All of that works just fine in my shell. What are you missing?
canpan 4mo ago
It might be overcompensation. I think UI, UX and GUIs got better up until the 90s, and early 2000s, but then somewhere GUIs suddenly got a lot worse. So a modern CLI is better and more standardized than a modern GUI.
- pjmlp 4mo ago
  A modern CLI would be a REPL.
- thewebguyd 4mo ago
  > then somewhere GUIs suddenly got a lot worse Electron is the reason, and the elusive dream of "write once, run anywhere" that got us cross platform UIs that are bespoke and don't follow native OS conventions (or keyboard navigation), plus once marketing got involved and GUIs started needing to be branded instead of just fitting in with every other native app on that OS.
  - rafterydj 4mo ago
    I see arguments like this particularly against Electron and the web development sphere in general and I think it's more nuanced than either programmers or "marketing" (read: anyone not a programmer) gives credit towards. The "elusive dream" of 'write once, run anywhere' is realistically just people wanting to write software with direct product or service use in mind. Native OS conventions are subject to the middlemen of OS vendors, whereas the web (while basically subject to the same vendors) makes a substantial attempt at bridging the gap of writing software for your own purposes without native OS problems. This is a symptom of OSes catering/selling to developers as a platform and hooking them in the 1990s and 2000s. This attitude that wanting to just make useful code for people and not worry about a windows 11 update breaking everything because they are irresponsible - to think that is not a valid desire is IMO a big problem. On the other hand, you have a point that it quickly gets out of hand in terms of standards and accessibility and performance bottlenecks. WebAssembly and the WASI are so slow to come out and will by design always be slower than native performance. This doesn't and shouldn't stop us from having decently performant and decently usable program experiences, but it is a prerequisite to care about those things, and the other inheritors of the web development sphere clearly do not want to develop things properly if they take longer than the next fiscal quarter. There is 100% good Electron code out there, just as 100% there is bad native OS code. The problem isn't inherently the goals of the 'write once, run anywhere' idea; it's more the casualty of other interests pulling away from what developers actually want.

bashtoni 4mo ago

A text based interface is perfect for interacting with a large language model, and it seems unsurprising to me that it's the most popular way to work with them. Frankly, the idea of having to decipher what a picture is supposed to represent to use a skill fills me with horror.

patates 4mo ago

Composability (piping to other programs, or calling them via scripts), reachability (through ssh, for example), focus (not being distracted by all options being present) and universality (cli is more or less the same interface everywhere) are my reasons. I still use GUI apps too, and actually find claude code to be closer to a GUI app than a cli.

samlinnfer 4mo ago

The Unix philosophy is not emotional.

joshka 4mo ago

[flagged]

DeathArrow 4mo ago

>Why are we emotionally tied to command line interfaces Being a power user, having used computers for more than 30 years, I usually prefer GUI because that's an evolution over CLI. Going from the basic interpreter on ZX Spectrum to the command line in MS DOS had me mesmerized. Going from the DOS CLI to Windows 95 GUI, had me me mesmerized, too. I think people in general consider themselves more pro and "hackers" if they use CLI and editors like Vi and Emacs. There are bonus points for memorizing hundreds of different keyboard shortcuts and not using the mouse at all. If they absolutely have to use GUI, they not use a desktop environment in Linux but a stacking window manager.

ta8903 4mo ago
Would you prefer if those people used a mouse and desktop environments?
- DeathArrow 4mo ago
  I am not trying to diminish anyone and I do not have a preferences for how other people use computers. I was merely trying to explain why the CLI gets so much attention.
pjmlp 4mo ago
Which is a pity, a real hacker uses a graphical environment inspired from Lisp Machines, Interlisp-D, Smalltalk, selecting code in the REPL with "do it", fixing it on the fly in the debugger and "redo it", changing the work environment in the flow. Unfortunely they hear that and only understand Emacs.

kstenerud 4mo ago

I do love GUIs, and use them for most of my workflow. But for Claude, I definitely prefer the CLI. Since it's a CLI app, I can wrap it in yoloAI for the sandbox protection, and also use VS Code's tunneling feature to reach that sandboxed workdir (with permissions safely bypassed) through my GUI. https://freeimage.host/i/screenshot-2026-05-19-at-141349.BySkkDN https://freeimage.host/i/screenshot-2026-05-19-at-141349.ByS...

benjamincburns 4mo ago
But can you paste an image into it? I have a similar setup, but I access it directly via iTerm2 instead of VS Code's terminal. I've figured out the right terminal settings to get copying/pasting text to work (including with neovim's + register), but not images. Would be nice to paste images, though. Currently I have to SCP them over.
- kstenerud 4mo ago
  I've actually never tried it before. I just ran some tests now on a mac: If I copy a file in Finder and paste it into a claude session, it shows in the TUI as [Image #1]. If I do the same, but paste into a claude session running over SSH, it pastes the path to the file, not the data. If I open the image in Preview, copy the pixels (CMD-A, CMD-C), pasting that into a terminal does nothing. So it looks like CC just puts UI sugar over top of the image path when it has file access to it? That's not really image pasting, though...
  - benjamincburns 4mo ago
    I suspect the first case worked as intended, and VS Code is greasing the wheels. I'm sure there's a way to get it working in iTerm 2, though I wouldn't be surprised if the solution was some Goldbergian chain of forwarded unix sockets and a helper daemon living inside the sandbox. Thanks for mentioning yoloAI, though. I started off sandboxing via devcontainers using kata & cloud hypervisor set up as a custom docker runtime. It worked well enough, but nested docker was super slow due to virtio-fs limitations. I recently moved to sysbox and it's a bit quicker. It's probably not as airtight as kata/chv, but good enough to keep Claude from writing a security test that deletes my whole filesystem [1]. 1: https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code/issues/28521 https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code/issues/28521

oneneptune 4mo ago

idk I just like running 6/8 terminal panes and organizing my workflows / projects in an exact space. I even tweaked my theme. and seeing them all on my side portrait monitor.

pdantix 4mo ago

i would gladly use claude code via the desktop app, but it lags behind the cli in terms of supported features, so i just don't bother. last i tried, it didn't support executing CC within WSL while desktop is running in windows.

rajveerb 4mo ago
Not true anymore.

cookiengineer 4mo ago

Claude Code can't slopcode working GUIs That's the real reason. If you don't believe me, take a look at the leaked codebase from a couple weeks ago. It's the stuff of nightmares, because too many junior devs slopcoded in all places without any plan or understanding of software architecture patterns. They never actually take the time to refactor, there's dozens of outdated redundancies and orphaned modules all over the place. Without good architecture patterns, there can be no good GUI nor good UX.

davkan 4mo ago

For one I’m not sure if I’ve ever gotten an ad in my terminal or in a tui. That alone is probably enough. And it’s so much harder to ruin the terminal experience compared to a desktop app. They don’t get pointless redesigns. I can customize them however I want. The terminal is a like an oasis in the current climate. And that before getting into utility.

minetest2048 4mo ago
You can have ads in a terminal / CLI, for example Ubuntu put an ad for their Ubuntu Pro service when you run sudo apt upgrade: https://linuxiac.com/ubuntu-once-again-angered-users-by-placing-ads/ https://linuxiac.com/ubuntu-once-again-angered-users-by-plac... . But the worst thing they can do is to show a plain text
- embedding-shape 4mo ago
  I remember some ops back in the day putting ads into /etc/motd (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_of_the_day https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_of_the_day) for free/cheap servers/services too, 2-3 decades ago.
- Jblx2 4mo ago
  We'll they could also send your terminal a 0x07. And let me introduce you to ASCII art: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_art https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_art
albert_e 4mo ago
"Calude agents" cli lauched recently It was very poor UX (from the demos i saw) -- and i tried it myself in Windows native command terminal and the rendering was horribly broken (windows is a second class OS for dev tools). A light weight GUI with keyboard shortcuts that mimic CLI experience would have been far better without taking anything away from power users of the terminal.
snitch182 4mo ago
Well powershell is a pointless and optical nausea redesign of a shell. I would not call it design per se .. or maybe it was. ?

kordlessagain 4mo ago

Why are we emotionally tied to punctuation?

giancarlostoro 4mo ago

The reason for the CLI is because most editors will support CLIs natively, so its very easy to pop in Claude Code either via your IDE or your preferred terminal in your project directory. It's lowkey the most genius design choice by Anthropic. Why they havent made a real GUI since? No idea.

Jblx2 4mo ago

https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mitra/csSummer2024/hsra/lectures/Stephenson-CommandLine.pdf https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mitra/csSummer2024/hsra/lectures/...