When I was in university we had the "Honor System"—no proctors, but you had to sign a statement on every exam and assignment that you did not cheat. And if you

When I was in university we had the "Honor System"—no proctors, but you had to sign a statement on every exam and assignment that you did not cheat. And if you did cheat, one of your fellow students could report you to the Honor Board. Basically using the prisoners' dilemma to enforce honesty. And the Honor Board were always threatening to bring proctors back if cheating continued. But yeah, everything was hand-written. On sheets of paper with pencil. I even had to write x86 assembly out by hand for my CPU architecture class. Of course, laptops were available back then but not cellphones and certainly not LLMs, so cheating by electronic means probably presents a stickier wicket now than it did back then.