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Fwiw, Railroads were the reason for some of the biggest bank collapses in history. Panic of 1873 was literally called "The Great Depression" (until a greater de

Fwiw, Railroads were the reason for some of the biggest bank collapses in history. Panic of 1873 was literally called "The Great Depression" (until a greater depression hit). 20 years later was the Panic of 1893. Both were due to over-investment and a bubble bursting, and they took out tons of banks and businesses. We're seeing exactly the same thing with AI, as there is massive investment creating a bubble without a payoff. We know that the value will lower over time due to how software and hardware both gets more efficient and cheaper. And so far there's no evidence that all this investment has generated more profit for the users of AI. It's just a matter of time until people realize and the bubble bursts. And when the bubble does burst, what's going to happen? Most of the investment is from private capital, not banks. We don't know where all that private capital is coming from, so we don't know what the externalities will be when it bursts. (As just one possibility: if it takes out the balance sheets of hyperscalers and tech unicorns, and they collapse, who's standing on top of them that collapses next? About half the S&P 500 - so 30% of US households' wealth - but also every business built on top of those mega-corps, and all the people they employ) Since it's not banks failing, they probably won't be bailed out, so the fallout will be immediate and uncushioned.

keeda 7mo ago
> We're seeing exactly the same thing with AI, as there is massive investment creating a bubble without a payoff. ... And so far there's no evidence that all this investment has generated more profit for the users of AI. If you look around a bit, you will find evidence for both. Recent data finds pretty high success in GenAI adoption even as "formal ROI measurement" -- i.e. not based on "vibes" -- becomes common: https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/special-report/2025-ai-adoption-report/ https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/special-report/2025-ai-a... (tl;dr: about 75% report positive RoI.) The trustworthiness, salience and nuances of this report is worth discussing, but unfortunately reports like this gets no airtime in the HN and the media echo chamber. Preliminary evidence, but given this weird, entirely unprecedented technology is about 3+ years old and people are still figuring it out (something that report calls out) this is significant.
- 0xbadcafebee 7mo ago
  75% report positive ROI (and the VPs are much more "optimistic" than the middle managers who are closer to the work) - but how much ROI? 1%? The fact that they don't quote a figure at all is pretty telling. And that's the ROI of the people buying the AI services, which are often heavily subsidized. If it costs a billion dollars to give a mid-sized company a 1% ROI, that doesn't sound sustainable. I would love to see another report that isn't a year old with actual ROI figures...
  - chatmasta 7mo ago
    It’s not easy to quantify because you’re basically substituting or augmenting labor. How do you quantify an ROI on employees? You can look at profit of a project they’re hired to execute. But with AI, it’s mixed with the employees, so how do you distinguish the ROI of the two? With time, we might be able to make comparisons, but outside of very specific scenarios it’s difficult to quantify.
    - lazide 7mo ago
      Everyone I’ve seen try has had negative actual ROI. All the middle managers are afraid to say anything though, so go go go.
  - keeda 6mo ago
    Good questions! I have only skimmed through the report but slide 45 onwards of the full report has some vague numbers: https://ai.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/2025-Wharton-GBK-AI-Adoption-Report_Full-Report.pdf https://ai.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/2025... Can't say why they don't report exact numbers, but it may be because a) of confidentiality and b) RoI is very context dependent and c) there is a wide spectrum of RoI by different dimensions, including some 9% even reporting negative RoI. This may make it hard to cite a single number, but the majority report "moderate" to "significant" RoI, whatever that means to them. I'll add that I've seen mentions of similar reports from other sources like McKinsey and co. e.g. this one that claims actual revenue increase: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/week-in-charts/gen-ais-roi https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/week-in-charts/ge... -- I tend not to take these reports at face value, but I'm seeing multiple of them from various sources that tend to align. As an aside, I just wanted to say, these are the kinds of discussions I was hoping to see here!
wr2 7mo ago
Lol a bit dramatic at the end. There will be a correction in stocks that were priced in for growth related to AI. But what I see is the two big costs for America: 1) Less money being invested into risky AI projects in general, in both public (via cash flows from operations) and private markets 2) The large tech firms who participated in large capex spend related to AI projects won't be trusted with their cash balances - aka having to return more cash and therefore less money for reinvestment All the hype and fanfare that draws in investment at al comes with a cost - you gotta deliver. People have an asymmetric relationship between gains and losses.
tracerbulletx 7mo ago
Have you seen video of a slime mold searching for food? It grows like crazy in a bunch of simultaneous search paths, expending tons of energy following a rough directional gradient looking for food. Once one of the branches finds the food all of the other search paths shrivel up and die off. I think slime molds are much better analogies for these situations than bubbles.
someotherperson 6mo ago
> Most of the investment is from private capital, not banks It's just banks investing in private equity firms. So it's still banks, just by proxy, due to 2008 regulation.

keeda 7mo ago

> We're seeing exactly the same thing with AI, as there is massive investment creating a bubble without a payoff. ... And so far there's no evidence that all this investment has generated more profit for the users of AI. If you look around a bit, you will find evidence for both. Recent data finds pretty high success in GenAI adoption even as "formal ROI measurement" -- i.e. not based on "vibes" -- becomes common: https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/special-report/2025-ai-adoption-report/ https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/special-report/2025-ai-a... (tl;dr: about 75% report positive RoI.) The trustworthiness, salience and nuances of this report is worth discussing, but unfortunately reports like this gets no airtime in the HN and the media echo chamber. Preliminary evidence, but given this weird, entirely unprecedented technology is about 3+ years old and people are still figuring it out (something that report calls out) this is significant.

0xbadcafebee 7mo ago
75% report positive ROI (and the VPs are much more "optimistic" than the middle managers who are closer to the work) - but how much ROI? 1%? The fact that they don't quote a figure at all is pretty telling. And that's the ROI of the people buying the AI services, which are often heavily subsidized. If it costs a billion dollars to give a mid-sized company a 1% ROI, that doesn't sound sustainable. I would love to see another report that isn't a year old with actual ROI figures...
- chatmasta 7mo ago
  It’s not easy to quantify because you’re basically substituting or augmenting labor. How do you quantify an ROI on employees? You can look at profit of a project they’re hired to execute. But with AI, it’s mixed with the employees, so how do you distinguish the ROI of the two? With time, we might be able to make comparisons, but outside of very specific scenarios it’s difficult to quantify.
  - lazide 7mo ago
    Everyone I’ve seen try has had negative actual ROI. All the middle managers are afraid to say anything though, so go go go.
- keeda 6mo ago
  Good questions! I have only skimmed through the report but slide 45 onwards of the full report has some vague numbers: https://ai.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/2025-Wharton-GBK-AI-Adoption-Report_Full-Report.pdf https://ai.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/2025... Can't say why they don't report exact numbers, but it may be because a) of confidentiality and b) RoI is very context dependent and c) there is a wide spectrum of RoI by different dimensions, including some 9% even reporting negative RoI. This may make it hard to cite a single number, but the majority report "moderate" to "significant" RoI, whatever that means to them. I'll add that I've seen mentions of similar reports from other sources like McKinsey and co. e.g. this one that claims actual revenue increase: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/week-in-charts/gen-ais-roi https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/week-in-charts/ge... -- I tend not to take these reports at face value, but I'm seeing multiple of them from various sources that tend to align. As an aside, I just wanted to say, these are the kinds of discussions I was hoping to see here!

wr2 7mo ago

Lol a bit dramatic at the end. There will be a correction in stocks that were priced in for growth related to AI. But what I see is the two big costs for America: 1) Less money being invested into risky AI projects in general, in both public (via cash flows from operations) and private markets 2) The large tech firms who participated in large capex spend related to AI projects won't be trusted with their cash balances - aka having to return more cash and therefore less money for reinvestment All the hype and fanfare that draws in investment at al comes with a cost - you gotta deliver. People have an asymmetric relationship between gains and losses.

tracerbulletx 7mo ago

Have you seen video of a slime mold searching for food? It grows like crazy in a bunch of simultaneous search paths, expending tons of energy following a rough directional gradient looking for food. Once one of the branches finds the food all of the other search paths shrivel up and die off. I think slime molds are much better analogies for these situations than bubbles.

someotherperson 6mo ago

> Most of the investment is from private capital, not banks It's just banks investing in private equity firms. So it's still banks, just by proxy, due to 2008 regulation.