> Maybe Amex being a closed-loop network helps with latency? Yes, this is a huge deal. VisaNet and friends have to wait on the actual bank cores in order to pe

> Maybe Amex being a closed-loop network helps with latency? Yes, this is a huge deal. VisaNet and friends have to wait on the actual bank cores in order to perform online authorization. Amex can guarantee end to end latency.