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Beyond the facts corrected by other user, graemep, the translator school was in fact established after the christian kingdom of Castile conquer the city of Tole

• teleforce 7mo ago
  >Beyond the facts corrected by other user, graemep, the translator school was in fact established after the christian kingdom of Castile conquer the city of Toledo, and the king Alfonso X [1]. I have replied to the other users comments, please check them out. The Toledan school/library/knowledge centers were not established by king Alfonso, it was continued by him when he captured Toledo from the Islamic Spain Empire in 11th CE [1]. Case in point, the venerable and infamous Toledan Tables were compiled in the 11th century (around 1080) by a group of Arabic astronomers in Toledo, Spain (Al-Andalus), led by the renowned astronomer Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (known in Latin as Arzachel). They were essentially the Zij of Toledo, drawing heavily on earlier zijat from the Islamic world, like those of al-Khwarizmi and al-Battani [2]. The Andalusian parts, however, continue under the muslim rule for several centuries until the genocide and the ethnic cleansing of the muslim and the jews during the final phase of Reconquista in the 15th CE. It ended nearly 800 years of muslim era in Spain which is so far longer than European have been in the American continents [3]. Credit to the Spanish and the European when they make the most of the capture of Toledo centers with all the translated and original books, thus kickstarted the Renaissance age, since before they were in the dark ages [4]. Another fun facts, the Almagest version of the Galileo notes in the OP article is the Latin translation of Almagest by Gerard of Cremona in Toledo around 1175, from the Arabic translation of Almagest performed in the House of Wisdom (or Baitul Hikmah). This makes Al-Ma'mun the patron of the Almagest mentioned the OP article [5]. [1] Reconquista: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista [2] Toledan Tables: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledan_Tables https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledan_Tables [3] Siege of Toledo (1085): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(1085) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(1085) [4] Dark Ages: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography) [5] House of Wisdom: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom
  • hiro1986 7mo ago
    I maybe didn't express it clearly. Translations started before Christian rule, and continue and were formalized under Christian rule, being King Alfonso one main promoter and actually had Muslims, Jews and Christians translators. King Alfonso promoted what Raymund of Toledo started, the former school, and for example the Toledan tables where later updated through the Alfonsine tables[1]. Your example of translation by Gerard of Cremona was under the bishop, not under Muslim rule. I am not neglecting the immense knowledge combined of Latin/Greek to Arab and Al-Andalus scholars, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) was fundamental and a very important Muslim scholar, who was born and lived in Toledo. I was trying to add the fact that translation was further done under Castilian rule. Some inaccuracies, maybe not relevant, but for any reading. Toledo in 1085 was not part of an empire, was a small Taifa kingdom, [1]. Also, Spain didn't exist as political entity, and it won't until the marriage of Isabel and Fernando and conquer of Granada, forming modern Spain. Reconquista is not viewed as an actual historical movement during medieval times, check your own link, it was a 19th century build up nationalistic view. Iberian medieval times are complicated. Dark ages is also a not very used concept anymore, from your own link. There was 800 years of Muslim rule in some parts of the peninsula, but what that implies compared to America is not clear to me. The Iberian peninsula has been settled with plenty of European, north-African, and middle-east ancestry in current Spaniards[3,4]. Spain (and Portugal also in the Iberian Peninsula :-) ) is the result of this mix, including Tartasso, Iberian, Roman, Al-Andalus, Asturias, ... not a independent entity from them. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsine_tables https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsine_tables [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos [4] The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula doi://10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007