_In practice_, at least for these sort of broad-based tariffs, it tends to be the consumer, eg https://www.kielinstitut.de/publications/news/americas-own-goal-a

_In practice_, at least for these sort of broad-based tariffs, it tends to be the consumer, eg https://www.kielinstitut.de/publications/news/americas-own-goal-americans-pay-almost-entirely-for-trumps-tariffs/ https://www.kielinstitut.de/publications/news/americas-own-g...