6 ms·

From [1] > In a treatise entitled as Risala fi l-Illa al-Failali l-Madd wa l-Fazr (Treatise on the Efficient Cause of the Flow and Ebb), al-Kindi presents a th

by eesmith 10mo ago

From [1] > In a treatise entitled as Risala fi l-Illa al-Failali l-Madd wa l-Fazr (Treatise on the Efficient Cause of the Flow and Ebb), al-Kindi presents a theory on tides which "depends on the changes which take place in bodies owing to the rise and fall of temperature."

teleforce 10mo ago
Thanks for pointing that out but there's must some mistakes on the website. Al-Kindi contribution is on the experiment in showing that tides are caused by the expansion of water due to heat but of course later people know that it mainly due to gravity. Other well known Arabic and muslim reseachers in the middle ages working on ocean tides are Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar), Al-Biruni and Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (Alpetragius). Albumasar in his seminal book on tides was the first hypothesized the lunar correlation [1]. He's arguably the most important figure in the history of tidal theory between the ancient Greeks and Renaissance. His famous work namely The Great Introduction to Astrology (Kitab al-Madkhal al-Kabir) was translated into Latin in the 12th century and became the standard reference for European scholars (like Roger Bacon and Albert the Great) when they tried to understand tidal physics. Al-Biruni was a polymath who had direct experience with the strong tides of the Indian Ocean specifically at the port of Somnath in Gujarat, India. Of the 146 books written by him, 95 are devoted to astronomy, mathematics, and related subjects like mathematical geography [2]. In his encyclopedic work Indica (Kitab al-Hind), he discussed how the moon influences "moist substances". He dismissed the common myth in the region that viewed tides as the breathing of the earth or sea monsters. He firmly established the moon as the physical cause of the tidal cycle. This observation was using data gathered from sailors and his own measurements of the shoreline. Al-Bitruji was the very first astronomer who proposed an alternative to Ptolemy's model of the universe long before (more than 300 years) Galileo, by avoiding both epicycles and eccentrics mechanism [3]. According to him, the movement of the celestial spheres created a physical dragging force that stirred the waters of the earth, but his theory is less accurate than Albumasar's. Ocean tides was a significant area of study for Arab and Muslim reseachers during the middle ages (Islamic Golden Age), had extensive access to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean, where tides are far more dramatic. The Greeks and Romans however, had a very limited exposure to ocean tides since they mostly observing the tide-less Mediterranean sea. [1] Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi [2] Al-Biruni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni [3] Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_al-Bitruji https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_al-Bitruji
- eesmith 10mo ago
  > Thanks for pointing that out but there's must some mistakes on the website. You were the one who suggested that web site. > Al-Kindi contribution is on the experiment in showing that tides are caused by the expansion of water due to heat but of course later people know that it mainly due to gravity. Where is the mistake? That is what I quoted. Your original premise is "Reading most of the technology articles would have you to believe that dark ages really existed and for more than thousands years". That is, IMO, quite an exaggeration. In the European context, the "Dark Ages" is a dated and inaccurate term for the early middle ages, so the period of about 500 years after the fall of Rome - far from even a single thousand years that you wrote, which would exclude the Carolingian Renaissance. The term also contains both anti-Catholic and anti-religion attitudes, by Protestant and Enlightenment thinkers who regarded the Roman Church and religion in general as the oppressors of intellectual thought. I therefore can't help but think you are listening to some very misinformed writers, which is probably why they are writing about technology and not history. Like, you wrote "Romans however, had a very limited exposure to ocean tides since they mostly observing the tide-less Mediterranean sea" but the Romans had access to the Atlantic coastline from Gibraltar up to modern day Netherlands, plus the modern English coastline .. and those have tides. Famously so, given Julius Caesar's problems with tides during his invasions of Britain. For that matter, the Roman Empire also reached the Red Sea, with maritime routes to India all the way to the Ganges. Hardly "limited"! You wrote "Albumasar in his seminal book on tides was the first hypothesized the lunar correlation" but that correlation was made well before. Quoting https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_tides#History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_tides#History "An ancient Indian Purana text dated to 400-300 BC refers to the ocean rising and falling because of heat expansion from the light of the Moon." (sounds familiar, yes?), and "Ultimately the link between the Moon (and Sun) and the tides became known to the Greeks, although the exact date of discovery is unclear; references to it are made in sources such as Pytheas of Massilia in 325 BC and Pliny the Elder's Natural History in 77 AD." Your [1] even says he rejected "rejected Greek thought that moonlight influenced the tides and considered that the Moon had some astrological virtue that attracted the sea." How do you conclude his book was the first to hypothesize the lunar correlation? You also wrote "Al-Bitruji was the very first astronomer who proposed an alternative to Ptolemy's model of the universe" but that is also not true. The very same paragraph on that Wikipedia page points out "Seleucus of Seleucia is thought to have theorized around 150 BC that tides were caused by the Moon as part of his heliocentric model." and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism adds "a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC." What your [3] says is that he was first "to present the concentric spheres model", it points out how it "was a modification of the system of planetary motion proposed by his predecessors, Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and Ibn Tufail (Abubacer). He was unsuccessful in replacing Ptolemy's planetary model, as the numerical predictions of the planetary positions in his configuration were less accurate than those of the Ptolemaic model" . It links to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_spheres https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_spheres which points out that model dates back to the Ancient Greeks. These far predate the start of Islam, much less the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age was a fantastic era of scholarship, architecture, and research. Making incorrect claims of primacy tarnishes that glory.

by eesmith 10mo ago

teleforce 10mo ago

Thanks for pointing that out but there's must some mistakes on the website. Al-Kindi contribution is on the experiment in showing that tides are caused by the expansion of water due to heat but of course later people know that it mainly due to gravity. Other well known Arabic and muslim reseachers in the middle ages working on ocean tides are Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar), Al-Biruni and Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (Alpetragius). Albumasar in his seminal book on tides was the first hypothesized the lunar correlation [1]. He's arguably the most important figure in the history of tidal theory between the ancient Greeks and Renaissance. His famous work namely The Great Introduction to Astrology (Kitab al-Madkhal al-Kabir) was translated into Latin in the 12th century and became the standard reference for European scholars (like Roger Bacon and Albert the Great) when they tried to understand tidal physics. Al-Biruni was a polymath who had direct experience with the strong tides of the Indian Ocean specifically at the port of Somnath in Gujarat, India. Of the 146 books written by him, 95 are devoted to astronomy, mathematics, and related subjects like mathematical geography [2]. In his encyclopedic work Indica (Kitab al-Hind), he discussed how the moon influences "moist substances". He dismissed the common myth in the region that viewed tides as the breathing of the earth or sea monsters. He firmly established the moon as the physical cause of the tidal cycle. This observation was using data gathered from sailors and his own measurements of the shoreline. Al-Bitruji was the very first astronomer who proposed an alternative to Ptolemy's model of the universe long before (more than 300 years) Galileo, by avoiding both epicycles and eccentrics mechanism [3]. According to him, the movement of the celestial spheres created a physical dragging force that stirred the waters of the earth, but his theory is less accurate than Albumasar's. Ocean tides was a significant area of study for Arab and Muslim reseachers during the middle ages (Islamic Golden Age), had extensive access to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean, where tides are far more dramatic. The Greeks and Romans however, had a very limited exposure to ocean tides since they mostly observing the tide-less Mediterranean sea. [1] Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi [2] Al-Biruni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni [3] Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_al-Bitruji https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_al-Bitruji

eesmith 10mo ago
> Thanks for pointing that out but there's must some mistakes on the website. You were the one who suggested that web site. > Al-Kindi contribution is on the experiment in showing that tides are caused by the expansion of water due to heat but of course later people know that it mainly due to gravity. Where is the mistake? That is what I quoted. Your original premise is "Reading most of the technology articles would have you to believe that dark ages really existed and for more than thousands years". That is, IMO, quite an exaggeration. In the European context, the "Dark Ages" is a dated and inaccurate term for the early middle ages, so the period of about 500 years after the fall of Rome - far from even a single thousand years that you wrote, which would exclude the Carolingian Renaissance. The term also contains both anti-Catholic and anti-religion attitudes, by Protestant and Enlightenment thinkers who regarded the Roman Church and religion in general as the oppressors of intellectual thought. I therefore can't help but think you are listening to some very misinformed writers, which is probably why they are writing about technology and not history. Like, you wrote "Romans however, had a very limited exposure to ocean tides since they mostly observing the tide-less Mediterranean sea" but the Romans had access to the Atlantic coastline from Gibraltar up to modern day Netherlands, plus the modern English coastline .. and those have tides. Famously so, given Julius Caesar's problems with tides during his invasions of Britain. For that matter, the Roman Empire also reached the Red Sea, with maritime routes to India all the way to the Ganges. Hardly "limited"! You wrote "Albumasar in his seminal book on tides was the first hypothesized the lunar correlation" but that correlation was made well before. Quoting https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_tides#History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_tides#History "An ancient Indian Purana text dated to 400-300 BC refers to the ocean rising and falling because of heat expansion from the light of the Moon." (sounds familiar, yes?), and "Ultimately the link between the Moon (and Sun) and the tides became known to the Greeks, although the exact date of discovery is unclear; references to it are made in sources such as Pytheas of Massilia in 325 BC and Pliny the Elder's Natural History in 77 AD." Your [1] even says he rejected "rejected Greek thought that moonlight influenced the tides and considered that the Moon had some astrological virtue that attracted the sea." How do you conclude his book was the first to hypothesize the lunar correlation? You also wrote "Al-Bitruji was the very first astronomer who proposed an alternative to Ptolemy's model of the universe" but that is also not true. The very same paragraph on that Wikipedia page points out "Seleucus of Seleucia is thought to have theorized around 150 BC that tides were caused by the Moon as part of his heliocentric model." and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism adds "a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC." What your [3] says is that he was first "to present the concentric spheres model", it points out how it "was a modification of the system of planetary motion proposed by his predecessors, Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and Ibn Tufail (Abubacer). He was unsuccessful in replacing Ptolemy's planetary model, as the numerical predictions of the planetary positions in his configuration were less accurate than those of the Ptolemaic model" . It links to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_spheres https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_spheres which points out that model dates back to the Ancient Greeks. These far predate the start of Islam, much less the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age was a fantastic era of scholarship, architecture, and research. Making incorrect claims of primacy tarnishes that glory.