The alternative is checking the result of every operation; or use “signaling NaNs” that raise an exception on a (properly configured) scalar operation on a CPU.

The alternative is checking the result of every operation; or use “signaling NaNs” that raise an exception on a (properly configured) scalar operation on a CPU. As soon as non scalar code is involved - SIMD or GPU, quiet NaNs with strategically placed explicit tests along the computation becomes the only reasonable/efficient option.