I think car cells will be much more useful if they are packaged as replacement batteries for all the various battery powered tools, ebikes, etc. There's a cons

I think car cells will be much more useful if they are packaged as replacement batteries for all the various battery powered tools, ebikes, etc. There's a consumer profit margin to absorb the repackaging and teardown. Maybe for home grid batteries they'll work too. Again, a consumer margin. Sodium Ion and other grid-specific storage will simply be too cheap for secondhand EV batteries to compete. And the retiring cells won't be any better in density and will be less safe than the higher density sodium ion and LFP that is hitting the market.