From 2023: It has been suggested that the BBB breakdown may precede cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, highlighting the critical need for further explora

From 2023: It has been suggested that the BBB breakdown may precede cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, highlighting the critical need for further exploration of the BBB’s role in AD and its potential as a therapeutic target [22]. The BBB endothelium is a specialized system of brain microvascular endothelial cells that separate circulating blood from the brain’s extracellular fluid, maintaining the brain’s homeostatic environment [23]. The BBB endothelium plays a crucial role in the protection and functioning of the brain, allowing the selective passage of nutrients and molecules essential for brain function while simultaneously preventing the entry of potentially neurotoxic substances [22]. Also interesting: the two-hit vascular hypothesis of AD suggests cerebrovascular damage (hit 1) as an initial insult that is self-sufficient to initiate neuronal injury and neurodegeneration. Additionally, it promotes the buildup of Alzheimer’s Aβ toxin in the brain (hit 2) https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10671257/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10671257/