> It is very difficult to create new proteins that work for some purpose other than enzymes (antigens, receptor blockers, receptor activators). It’s not that d

> It is very difficult to create new proteins that work for some purpose other than enzymes (antigens, receptor blockers, receptor activators). It’s not that difficult. Most of the work on de novo protein design has been related to protein or ligand binders and receptors, and successful examples are published frequently. But yes, enzyme design is much more challenging. > There's absolutely no way to create a completely new synthetic cell without having those machines. (…) but we're very, very, very far from bottom-up building a living cell. Hence the perspective.