> This means C++ is riddled with types that have unrelated "I'm empty" state Again, these cases are still rare. Most classes either don't require user-defined

> This means C++ is riddled with types that have unrelated "I'm empty" state Again, these cases are still rare. Most classes either don't require user-defined move operations, or they have some notion of emptiness or default state. > And if we don't want to allow None? Too bad, you can't express that in C++ That's actually a good example! Nitpick: you can express it in C++, just not without additional logic and some overhead :)