Sometimes birds communicate via melody (songbirds), sometimes via repetition (ducks, geese), sometimes via timbre (pigeons, doves), and sometimes via a combinat

Sometimes birds communicate via melody (songbirds), sometimes via repetition (ducks, geese), sometimes via timbre (pigeons, doves), and sometimes via a combination of the former and sound-making in general. Sometimes birds communicate nonverbally as well, as in gaze direction and body posture.