My understanding is that modern techniques are similar, but the tradeoffs have changed as chip voltages become lower and transistors become smaller. (Admittedly

My understanding is that modern techniques are similar, but the tradeoffs have changed as chip voltages become lower and transistors become smaller. (Admittedly, I don't know a lot about modern techniques.) This article, from a company that designs ESD circuits, describes various modern techniques: https://monthly-pulse.com/2022/03/29/introduction-esd-protection-concepts-for-i-os/ https://monthly-pulse.com/2022/03/29/introduction-esd-protec...