7 ms·

APIs for Manufacturing

102 points by inmygarage 14y ago

lallouz 14y ago
I personally think the 2, 12, 20 time frame is too short. Although 2 is probably too aggressive, I really think that this type of movement will happen within the next 5 years. I hope I get to be a part of it.
kerryfalk 14y ago
There's definitely some truth to this. I live and work in a manufacturing town. I've worked for medium to largish manufacturers (500 people), to small ones (~15 people), and a couple in between. There are a lot of opportunities for technology, especially software, to improve these companies. At the moment all of the software that I have seen implemented is focussed on accounting and production management. Office stuff. Very little makes it to the production floor - this is where I think the largest gains have yet to be made. Specifically: AR safety glasses providing real data to production staff, Google Glass style. At some point, I want to be part of making that happen.
- nickpinkston 14y ago
  Yea, there's a ton of room for better software in manufacturing, but the hard part is getting them to adopt it. It has all the hard sales problems of serving restaurants, but without the ease of understanding their problems. This generally filters the people with experience in manufacturing who are already set in their ways. With the rise of hardware startups though, we're seeing entrepreneurs get into the dirty parts of the system - maybe some will then go on to solve some of these problems that they personally run into.
  - specialist 14y ago
    Last millennium, I wrote software for print manufacturing, eg newspapers, magazines, books, flyers... Tasks like image positioning, color trapping, bindery, etc. Super fun work. Even then, only the biggest clients spent money. Since then -- post dotcom bust, 9/11, Bush looting of economy, rise of online, decline of advertising, switch from offset CMYK press to digital composite printing (eg color laserjet), rise of ebooks -- there's even less money for capital improvements. With the benefit of hindsight, I can't imagine printers staying ahead of the phenomenal rate of technical change AND the constantly shifting marketplace. So I think the print manufacturers have had a pretty good strategy: huge initial investment and then ride that sled all the way to the bottom. Anticipating the disruptive near term technologies for all manufacturing (eg 3D printing, mass customization), I just don't see a sizable market for 3rd party software coming back. I've half-concluded that smart software/IT investment money would be for in house development. To out run one's competitors.
  - kerryfalk 14y ago
    but the hard part is getting them to adopt it That's true of most things that are new, though. It's a sales issue, and one that can be overcome. but without the ease of understanding their problems. I'd have to strongly disagree here. You can easily understand their problems like any other industry and company, dive in, talk to them, and/or get involved in the industry. This generally filters the people with experience in manufacturing who are already set in their ways. That is painting with broad strokes, I think. With the rise of hardware startups though, we're seeing entrepreneurs get into the dirty parts of the system - maybe some will then go on to solve some of these problems that they personally run into. This isn't a new phenomenon, though. Apple, IBM, Pitney Bowes, Ford, etc. etc. were all hardware startups at one time. Many manufacturing problems have been solved and hammered through for many decades. Many of those are transferring over into newer industries. Many Lean Software principles seem to be oddly similar to JIT, and Lean Manufacturing principles established decades earlier. The opportunities that I think exist in manufacturing aren't for automation as mentioned in the OP, that has also been around for decades. I think the real opportunities are in truly empowering the workforce with technology that bridges the gap between the guy on the plant floor, the CFO, and the customer. It's simply massive, and it doesn't have to be.
guard-of-terra 14y ago
"the formerly painful process of making software has become a mostly drag-and-drop affair" wat With all deserved thanks to rails and cloud hosting, this is stretching way too far.
- inmygarage 14y ago
  OP here - you are right and I'm sorry if that line came off as flippant, certainly wasn't meant that way. I was trying to get across just how far the barriers have come down in the past 15 years or so.
pnathan 14y ago
> the significance rests in the idea that the formerly painful process of making software has become a mostly drag-and-drop affair that has created many billion dollar companies along the way. Dew what? I don't even.... Is there a world I'm unaware of that this is true for? 'Cause I'd sure like to know about it!
- lallouz 14y ago
  Are you implying that even very complicated software hasn't become easier to write over the past 15 years?
  - jsight 14y ago
    No, I think he is implying that major software is not a "mostly drag-and-drop" affair. In some ways, things have progressed and software is easier, but it's far from drag-and-drop for all but the most specialized problems.
    - inmygarage 14y ago
      Perhaps "democratized" would have been a better way to describe it - the point of that sentence was to convey that you don't always need a huge pile of cash or specialized equipment to make software these days. Major software absolutely requires incredible skill, cash, time and craftsmanship. But it is also doubtlessly cheaper and easier now than in years past. Though that's another post for another day.
    - wisty 14y ago
      Apart from Excel.
  - pnathan 14y ago
    I'm implying that there's no large and widespread software ecosystem I know of that creates via drop-and-drag applications of any significant complexity. The closest to that that I know of is LabView.
- deleted 14y ago
  [deleted]
dtap 14y ago
"And modern supply chains were built around that very premise – that hands were needed" That is quite far from the truth. Having been in many plants, automation is almost everywhere. The pay-back period on automation (Variable Speed Drives, for example) is under a year. If you watch an updated version of the crayon process (http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xl1v1m_you-ve-got-crayola-crayons-manufacturing-process_creation http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xl1v1m_you-ve-got-crayola-c...), you see how many of those people have been replaced by robots. A fully burdened worker salary (~$70k) can buy you a good deal of robots.
- inmygarage 14y ago
  There is definitely automation, but it's far from ubiquitous and there are huge swings from industry to industry. Some industries are much farther along than others. Also, if automation is almost everywhere how come Foxconn has 1.2 million employees?
- ChuckMcM 14y ago
  Ok, so I watched them both, and clearly some of the same machines are still there, it looks like the only guy who lost his job to automation was the guy who took the molded crayons and put them into the labeler. All the other steps were pretty much identical. Now personally I love manufacturing porn, I don't know why but I can watch an hour or two of 'How its Made' and just spin all these ideas about in my head. And what you see when you watch more than a bit of that show is that there are things that are designed to be built by automation, and things that aren't. So on the one hand you look at things that aren't made to be automated and you think "Hmm, can I disrupt that market by designing an automated way to build that widget?" or as the OP wrote you might think "Hmm what pieces need to be assembled to make an arbitrary widget?" One of the things that came up in an earlier thread was that you could go across the street in Shenzen(sp?) and have an arbitrary fastener made. Things take lots of fasteners, and they are essential to manufacturing, but making them requires specific tooling for each kind. Can that be automated? Can I make a factory that will make an arbitrary fastener in small quantities (say 1,000) efficiently or cost effectively? You know steel rod in one side of various diameters and fasteners out the other. And then what would the API be to that factory? Select Head, diameter, material, length, quantity? Maybe finish? One of the things that mixing sizes on the assembly line would have is keeping them separate, but have you seen how fast a pick-n-place robot can sort things? Could you just have a tray full of random fasteners come out of the anodizing tank and have a robot sort them into types? Very interesting times coming up.
7952 14y ago
It would be good to see something along these lines in printing. It is amazing how much grunt work small print jobs still require for anything more complicated than the smallest paper with simple binding. Give me an API that lets me print up to A0 on different media types, with different options for binding/glueing/finishing.
- nickpinkston 14y ago
  Doesn't a VistaPrint analog or Google Cloud Print offer something like this?
- Too 14y ago
  This is how most photo shops operate nowadays. You know, the photo shops where you back in the days used to leave your roll of negatives and come back 1h later and have your photos developed. Many of them now have internet services where you can upload a set of photos and get them delivered to your door within a few days printed in various ways and binded as a professional book.
  - 7952 14y ago
    Things are improving fast. But there is still a reliance on physical standards such as paper size that may have less relevance in the future. Those small operators also tend to lack good coherent API design. My local still uses a horrible soap/java system. I am looking for something more low level as in defining exact paper size, fold points, and gluing etc. Whats the API for making a popup book, or a cardboard point of sale? My point is that more established forms of manufacturing lack the kind of accessibility that is present in some rapid prototyping setups.
pdenya 14y ago
Link bait title. I expected a new API release, a discussion of existing APIs, etc. "APIs are the future of Manufacturing" or something is a bit better.
nhebb 14y ago
I spent a good portion of my career as a manufacturing engineer, so I just wanted to chime in with a few thoughts on the article and the comments I've read here: - Broadly speaking manufacturing can be lumped into to production models: high-volume, low product mix, and low-volume high product mix. Most of the manufacturers that you will recognize from a consumer standpoint are the former, but most of the ones that I've worked for and toured in the local area are the latter. Many automation systems are not cost effective for high product mix mfgrs. - There is a ton of software used in manufacturing - not just at the ERP/MRP level, but all the way down to the production floor. Some of it is COTS, but much of it is custom. - 3D Printing may be buzz worthy, but I don't think it's applicable to most manufacturing operations. Wherever you are while reading this, look around you and count the number of things that could have been made with a 3D printer, and then ask yourself whether 3D printing cycle times (and therefore cost) would scale to large operations. - "API's for Manufacturing" sounds a bit nebulous. When you run a manufacturing operation, there are 4 main drivers for improvement: quality, cost, delivery, and inventory. If you have a single factory producing good on demand via an API, it sounds like a job shop, and would have a limited range of capabilities. If the API interfaced with a network of manufacturing operations, each with its own specialty, then those 4 drivers become significant hurdles.
- nickpinkston 14y ago
  This is great comment - the "automation systems are not cost effective for high product mix mfgrs" seems like the crux of the matter to me. Can we create more flexible/universal systems? 3D Printing claims to do this, but as mentioned it's limited in what you can do - so that's going to take quite some time to get right (20years). It'll be interesting to see the ReThink Robotics launch coming up to see if their system can help alleviate some of these problems.
robomartin 14y ago
Manufacturing is far more complex than most people imagine. I laugh when I see commercials showing craftsmen lovingly making YOUR mattress or some such thing when you know damn well that it looks much uglier and far less custom/manual in reality. Take the task of manufacturing and bringing to market an electronic product. Here's an incomplete list of some of the tasks requiring attention: - Schematic design - Mechanical design - Plastics - Machined metal - Sheet metal - Wire harnesses - Optics (for lights, light pipes, etc.) - Label, decal or printing design (legends, etc.) - DFM (Design for Manufacturing - Component sourcing - Staging according to lead times - Strategy to ensure long-term availability - Testing methodologies - PCB Layout - Electronic Assembly - Surface mount - Through hole - Manual soldering - X-ray inspection - Automated optical inspection - Device Programming - Testing - Packaging - Packaging design - Cardboard - Foam - Injection molded - Cut and glued - Box - Labels - International variants - Regulatory testing - CE - TUV - FCC - UL - Other countries - Mechanical manufacturing - Injection molded plastics - Machining - Sheet metal - Stamped metal - Mold making - Jigs and fixtures - Software development - Embedded - FPGA - Workstation - Documentation - Manuals - Website - Brochures - Support - Develop testing and methodologies - Support scripts - Support systems - And more... The list is not complete of course, but it provides some idea of how complex it can be. The idea of reducing this to an API or solving it via 3D printing is nice, but, today, a fantasy. There are issues that are not obvious from simply reading this list. For example, entrenched systems and software that does not inter-operate. Disciplines that require massively different infrastructures (machine shop, plastic molding, packaging, PDB assembly, wire harness fabrication) and are sometimes islands in and of themselves. Just looking at CNC machining is an example of how arcane things can be and how difficult it can be to change the way things work. CNC machine manufacturers use G-code (which is older than dirt). You'd think that by now this would be a smooth system. It isn't. Software vendors produce tools that require customization for each machine type and, even then, can produce g-code that is actually dangerous to run. I had exactly this experience when I decided that we needed to have our own CNC machining in-house. We bought hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of (mostly) Haas equipment. All g-code was generated with a CAM tool that ran inside of Solidworks. I'll fast forward to the day that one of the machines --with a 20 Horsepower spindle-- happily churned aluminum with a one inch roughing bit like it was butter. It was amazing to watch, and it sounded horrible. The CAM program simply put out the wrong instructions because the engineers who created it in India decided to have their own creative interpretation of how G-code should work. Anyhow, the point is that manufacturing is hard and complex. That's why you don't see Y-Combinator style "Here's $15K, go start a company" incubators doing real hardware. In the hardware world, outside of the trivial, $15K won't even cover the tooling. Maybe in a few hundred years we'll have Star Trek style replicators. How cool would that be.
Wingman4l7 14y ago
The "manufacturing things entirely using software" dream died a little for me after I looked at Michal Zalewski's labor of love, the giant "Guerrilla guide to CNC machining, mold making, and resin casting"[1]. The amount of variables in meatspace that you have to account for (that I simply had no clue about) was mind-boggling. [1]: http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/gcnc/ http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/gcnc/

102 points by inmygarage 14y ago

I personally think the 2, 12, 20 time frame is too short. Although 2 is probably too aggressive, I really think that this type of movement will happen within the next 5 years. I hope I get to be a part of it.

kerryfalk 14y ago

There's definitely some truth to this. I live and work in a manufacturing town. I've worked for medium to largish manufacturers (500 people), to small ones (~15 people), and a couple in between. There are a lot of opportunities for technology, especially software, to improve these companies. At the moment all of the software that I have seen implemented is focussed on accounting and production management. Office stuff. Very little makes it to the production floor - this is where I think the largest gains have yet to be made. Specifically: AR safety glasses providing real data to production staff, Google Glass style. At some point, I want to be part of making that happen.

nickpinkston 14y ago
Yea, there's a ton of room for better software in manufacturing, but the hard part is getting them to adopt it. It has all the hard sales problems of serving restaurants, but without the ease of understanding their problems. This generally filters the people with experience in manufacturing who are already set in their ways. With the rise of hardware startups though, we're seeing entrepreneurs get into the dirty parts of the system - maybe some will then go on to solve some of these problems that they personally run into.
- specialist 14y ago
  Last millennium, I wrote software for print manufacturing, eg newspapers, magazines, books, flyers... Tasks like image positioning, color trapping, bindery, etc. Super fun work. Even then, only the biggest clients spent money. Since then -- post dotcom bust, 9/11, Bush looting of economy, rise of online, decline of advertising, switch from offset CMYK press to digital composite printing (eg color laserjet), rise of ebooks -- there's even less money for capital improvements. With the benefit of hindsight, I can't imagine printers staying ahead of the phenomenal rate of technical change AND the constantly shifting marketplace. So I think the print manufacturers have had a pretty good strategy: huge initial investment and then ride that sled all the way to the bottom. Anticipating the disruptive near term technologies for all manufacturing (eg 3D printing, mass customization), I just don't see a sizable market for 3rd party software coming back. I've half-concluded that smart software/IT investment money would be for in house development. To out run one's competitors.
- kerryfalk 14y ago
  but the hard part is getting them to adopt it That's true of most things that are new, though. It's a sales issue, and one that can be overcome. but without the ease of understanding their problems. I'd have to strongly disagree here. You can easily understand their problems like any other industry and company, dive in, talk to them, and/or get involved in the industry. This generally filters the people with experience in manufacturing who are already set in their ways. That is painting with broad strokes, I think. With the rise of hardware startups though, we're seeing entrepreneurs get into the dirty parts of the system - maybe some will then go on to solve some of these problems that they personally run into. This isn't a new phenomenon, though. Apple, IBM, Pitney Bowes, Ford, etc. etc. were all hardware startups at one time. Many manufacturing problems have been solved and hammered through for many decades. Many of those are transferring over into newer industries. Many Lean Software principles seem to be oddly similar to JIT, and Lean Manufacturing principles established decades earlier. The opportunities that I think exist in manufacturing aren't for automation as mentioned in the OP, that has also been around for decades. I think the real opportunities are in truly empowering the workforce with technology that bridges the gap between the guy on the plant floor, the CFO, and the customer. It's simply massive, and it doesn't have to be.

guard-of-terra 14y ago

"the formerly painful process of making software has become a mostly drag-and-drop affair" wat With all deserved thanks to rails and cloud hosting, this is stretching way too far.

inmygarage 14y ago
OP here - you are right and I'm sorry if that line came off as flippant, certainly wasn't meant that way. I was trying to get across just how far the barriers have come down in the past 15 years or so.

pnathan 14y ago

> the significance rests in the idea that the formerly painful process of making software has become a mostly drag-and-drop affair that has created many billion dollar companies along the way. Dew what? I don't even.... Is there a world I'm unaware of that this is true for? 'Cause I'd sure like to know about it!

lallouz 14y ago
Are you implying that even very complicated software hasn't become easier to write over the past 15 years?
- jsight 14y ago
  No, I think he is implying that major software is not a "mostly drag-and-drop" affair. In some ways, things have progressed and software is easier, but it's far from drag-and-drop for all but the most specialized problems.
  - inmygarage 14y ago
    Perhaps "democratized" would have been a better way to describe it - the point of that sentence was to convey that you don't always need a huge pile of cash or specialized equipment to make software these days. Major software absolutely requires incredible skill, cash, time and craftsmanship. But it is also doubtlessly cheaper and easier now than in years past. Though that's another post for another day.
  - wisty 14y ago
    Apart from Excel.
- pnathan 14y ago
  I'm implying that there's no large and widespread software ecosystem I know of that creates via drop-and-drag applications of any significant complexity. The closest to that that I know of is LabView.
deleted 14y ago
[deleted]

dtap 14y ago

"And modern supply chains were built around that very premise – that hands were needed" That is quite far from the truth. Having been in many plants, automation is almost everywhere. The pay-back period on automation (Variable Speed Drives, for example) is under a year. If you watch an updated version of the crayon process (http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xl1v1m_you-ve-got-crayola-crayons-manufacturing-process_creation http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xl1v1m_you-ve-got-crayola-c...), you see how many of those people have been replaced by robots. A fully burdened worker salary (~$70k) can buy you a good deal of robots.

inmygarage 14y ago
There is definitely automation, but it's far from ubiquitous and there are huge swings from industry to industry. Some industries are much farther along than others. Also, if automation is almost everywhere how come Foxconn has 1.2 million employees?
ChuckMcM 14y ago
Ok, so I watched them both, and clearly some of the same machines are still there, it looks like the only guy who lost his job to automation was the guy who took the molded crayons and put them into the labeler. All the other steps were pretty much identical. Now personally I love manufacturing porn, I don't know why but I can watch an hour or two of 'How its Made' and just spin all these ideas about in my head. And what you see when you watch more than a bit of that show is that there are things that are designed to be built by automation, and things that aren't. So on the one hand you look at things that aren't made to be automated and you think "Hmm, can I disrupt that market by designing an automated way to build that widget?" or as the OP wrote you might think "Hmm what pieces need to be assembled to make an arbitrary widget?" One of the things that came up in an earlier thread was that you could go across the street in Shenzen(sp?) and have an arbitrary fastener made. Things take lots of fasteners, and they are essential to manufacturing, but making them requires specific tooling for each kind. Can that be automated? Can I make a factory that will make an arbitrary fastener in small quantities (say 1,000) efficiently or cost effectively? You know steel rod in one side of various diameters and fasteners out the other. And then what would the API be to that factory? Select Head, diameter, material, length, quantity? Maybe finish? One of the things that mixing sizes on the assembly line would have is keeping them separate, but have you seen how fast a pick-n-place robot can sort things? Could you just have a tray full of random fasteners come out of the anodizing tank and have a robot sort them into types? Very interesting times coming up.

7952 14y ago

It would be good to see something along these lines in printing. It is amazing how much grunt work small print jobs still require for anything more complicated than the smallest paper with simple binding. Give me an API that lets me print up to A0 on different media types, with different options for binding/glueing/finishing.

nickpinkston 14y ago
Doesn't a VistaPrint analog or Google Cloud Print offer something like this?
Too 14y ago
This is how most photo shops operate nowadays. You know, the photo shops where you back in the days used to leave your roll of negatives and come back 1h later and have your photos developed. Many of them now have internet services where you can upload a set of photos and get them delivered to your door within a few days printed in various ways and binded as a professional book.
- 7952 14y ago
  Things are improving fast. But there is still a reliance on physical standards such as paper size that may have less relevance in the future. Those small operators also tend to lack good coherent API design. My local still uses a horrible soap/java system. I am looking for something more low level as in defining exact paper size, fold points, and gluing etc. Whats the API for making a popup book, or a cardboard point of sale? My point is that more established forms of manufacturing lack the kind of accessibility that is present in some rapid prototyping setups.

pdenya 14y ago

Link bait title. I expected a new API release, a discussion of existing APIs, etc. "APIs are the future of Manufacturing" or something is a bit better.

nhebb 14y ago

I spent a good portion of my career as a manufacturing engineer, so I just wanted to chime in with a few thoughts on the article and the comments I've read here: - Broadly speaking manufacturing can be lumped into to production models: high-volume, low product mix, and low-volume high product mix. Most of the manufacturers that you will recognize from a consumer standpoint are the former, but most of the ones that I've worked for and toured in the local area are the latter. Many automation systems are not cost effective for high product mix mfgrs. - There is a ton of software used in manufacturing - not just at the ERP/MRP level, but all the way down to the production floor. Some of it is COTS, but much of it is custom. - 3D Printing may be buzz worthy, but I don't think it's applicable to most manufacturing operations. Wherever you are while reading this, look around you and count the number of things that could have been made with a 3D printer, and then ask yourself whether 3D printing cycle times (and therefore cost) would scale to large operations. - "API's for Manufacturing" sounds a bit nebulous. When you run a manufacturing operation, there are 4 main drivers for improvement: quality, cost, delivery, and inventory. If you have a single factory producing good on demand via an API, it sounds like a job shop, and would have a limited range of capabilities. If the API interfaced with a network of manufacturing operations, each with its own specialty, then those 4 drivers become significant hurdles.

nickpinkston 14y ago
This is great comment - the "automation systems are not cost effective for high product mix mfgrs" seems like the crux of the matter to me. Can we create more flexible/universal systems? 3D Printing claims to do this, but as mentioned it's limited in what you can do - so that's going to take quite some time to get right (20years). It'll be interesting to see the ReThink Robotics launch coming up to see if their system can help alleviate some of these problems.

robomartin 14y ago

Manufacturing is far more complex than most people imagine. I laugh when I see commercials showing craftsmen lovingly making YOUR mattress or some such thing when you know damn well that it looks much uglier and far less custom/manual in reality. Take the task of manufacturing and bringing to market an electronic product. Here's an incomplete list of some of the tasks requiring attention: - Schematic design - Mechanical design - Plastics - Machined metal - Sheet metal - Wire harnesses - Optics (for lights, light pipes, etc.) - Label, decal or printing design (legends, etc.) - DFM (Design for Manufacturing - Component sourcing - Staging according to lead times - Strategy to ensure long-term availability - Testing methodologies - PCB Layout - Electronic Assembly - Surface mount - Through hole - Manual soldering - X-ray inspection - Automated optical inspection - Device Programming - Testing - Packaging - Packaging design - Cardboard - Foam - Injection molded - Cut and glued - Box - Labels - International variants - Regulatory testing - CE - TUV - FCC - UL - Other countries - Mechanical manufacturing - Injection molded plastics - Machining - Sheet metal - Stamped metal - Mold making - Jigs and fixtures - Software development - Embedded - FPGA - Workstation - Documentation - Manuals - Website - Brochures - Support - Develop testing and methodologies - Support scripts - Support systems - And more... The list is not complete of course, but it provides some idea of how complex it can be. The idea of reducing this to an API or solving it via 3D printing is nice, but, today, a fantasy. There are issues that are not obvious from simply reading this list. For example, entrenched systems and software that does not inter-operate. Disciplines that require massively different infrastructures (machine shop, plastic molding, packaging, PDB assembly, wire harness fabrication) and are sometimes islands in and of themselves. Just looking at CNC machining is an example of how arcane things can be and how difficult it can be to change the way things work. CNC machine manufacturers use G-code (which is older than dirt). You'd think that by now this would be a smooth system. It isn't. Software vendors produce tools that require customization for each machine type and, even then, can produce g-code that is actually dangerous to run. I had exactly this experience when I decided that we needed to have our own CNC machining in-house. We bought hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of (mostly) Haas equipment. All g-code was generated with a CAM tool that ran inside of Solidworks. I'll fast forward to the day that one of the machines --with a 20 Horsepower spindle-- happily churned aluminum with a one inch roughing bit like it was butter. It was amazing to watch, and it sounded horrible. The CAM program simply put out the wrong instructions because the engineers who created it in India decided to have their own creative interpretation of how G-code should work. Anyhow, the point is that manufacturing is hard and complex. That's why you don't see Y-Combinator style "Here's $15K, go start a company" incubators doing real hardware. In the hardware world, outside of the trivial, $15K won't even cover the tooling. Maybe in a few hundred years we'll have Star Trek style replicators. How cool would that be.

Wingman4l7 14y ago

The "manufacturing things entirely using software" dream died a little for me after I looked at Michal Zalewski's labor of love, the giant "Guerrilla guide to CNC machining, mold making, and resin casting"[1]. The amount of variables in meatspace that you have to account for (that I simply had no clue about) was mind-boggling. [1]: http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/gcnc/ http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/gcnc/