NVMe drives do their own manipulation of the datastream. Wear leveling, GC, trying to avoid rewriting an entire block for your 1 bit change, etc. NVMe drives

NVMe drives do their own manipulation of the datastream. Wear leveling, GC, trying to avoid rewriting an entire block for your 1 bit change, etc. NVMe drives have CPUs and RAM for this purpose; they are full computers with a little bit of flash memory attached. And no, of course they're not open source even though they have full access to your system.